(German-Italian Pact of Friendship and Alliance 1939 (Documentary study
Keywords:
Axis, totalitarianism, alliance, fascism and Nazism, international relationsAbstract
The research focused on studying a period that witnessed the re-arrangement of international relations until 1939 and important developments that cast a shadow on a critical stage in the history of the contemporary world, as conditions were soon created to enter into
alliances and blocs that led to the division of Europe into two opposing camps. However, fulfilling this prompted the direction of understanding the reasons for the Italian-German rapprochement, and revealing its motives that ultimately led to their understanding and formation of the pact of friendship and alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis, which emerged as a result of international developments and the conflict of ideologies between the major countries.
The 1919 Paris Peace Conference resulted in treaties that included decisions that became the subject of great discontent and rejection at the official and popular levels in Germany and Italy. In this regard, the latter two’s adoption of totalitarian regimes contributed to strengthening that rejection, at a time when the ideological conflict with communism and capitalism represented one of the factors that contributed to fanning the flame of international alliances. At that time, German leader Adolf Hitler succeeded in exploiting political developments within the scope of his Nazi aspirations, at a time when Italy sought to establish a military alliance with Germany, which contributed to the complexity of the political scene and raised fears of a possible war in Europe.
References
أولاً: الوثائق:
- العربية:
أ- د.ك.و ، ملفات البلاط الملكي 5178/311 ، تقرير المفوضية الملكية العراقية في روما إلى وزارةِ الخارجية العراقية ، كتابيَّ المفوضية الملكية العراقية في روما ، المُرقم 327 والمؤرخ في 3 تشرين الثاني 1938؛ والمُرقم 324 والمؤرخ في 29 تشرين الاول 1938، و 24-27، ص 29-30.
ب- ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ، وزارة الخارجية إلى رئاسةِ الديوان الملكي ، كتاب المفوضية الملكية العراقية في روما ، المُرقم 346 والمؤرخ في 16 تشرين الثاني 1938، و28-29 ، ص31-32.
ت- ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ، تقرير المُفوضية الملكية العراقية في روما إلى وزارة
ث- الخارجية العراقية ، التحالُف الإيطالي- الألماني ، 22 آيار 1939 ، و91 ، ص119.
- الأجنبية:
أ: الألمانية:
- D.G.F.P., S., D (1937-1945), vol. IV, the Ambassador in Italy to the Foreign Ministry, Rome, November 28, 1938, No. 309, p.527.
- ---------------------------------, Ambassador in Italy to Foreign Ministry, Rome,1 December 1938, No. 412, p.532.
- ---------------------------------, Memorandum by the deputy director of the economic policy department, Berlin,13 December 1938, No. 414, pp.534-536.
- ---------------------------------, the Embassy in Italy to Foreign Ministry, Rome,16 December 1938, No. 415, pp.537-538-539.
- ---------------------------------, Tel., the director of the economic policy department to the embassy in Italy, Berlin,19 December 1938, No. 417, pp.539-541.
- ---------------------------------, Foreign Minister Ciano to Ribbentrop, Rome, 2 January 1939, No. 421, p.543.
- ---------------------------------, Memorandum by the Ambassador in Italy, Rome, 3 January 1939, No. 422, p.545.
- ---------------------------------, Tel, the Ambassador in Japan to the Foreign Ministry, Tokyo, April 24, 1939, No. 254, p.317
- ---------------------------------, Foreign Minister Ciano to Ribbentrop, Rome, 2 January 1939, No. 421, pp.544-545.
- ---------------------------------, Foreign Minister Ribbentrop to Foreign Minister Ciano, Berlin,9 January1939, No. 426, p.550.
- ---------------------------------, Memorandum by the Foreign Minister, Berlin, 27 February 1939, No. 454, p.584.
- ---------------------------------, Ambassador Mackensen to State Secretary Weizsacker, Rome, March 10, 1939, No. 458, pp.586-587.
- ---------------------------------, vol. IV, (Enclosure), strictly confidential from A confidential Agent in Rome, March 8,1939, pp. 587-588.
- ---------------------------------, the State Secretary to the Ambassador in Italy, Berlin, March 10, 1939, No. 459, p.588.
- ---------------------------------, the Ambassador in Italy to the Foreign Ministry, Rome, November 28, 1938, No. 309, p.527
- ---------------------------------, Memorandum by the Director of the Legal department, Berlin, May 12, 1939, No.371, pp.479-481.
- ---------------------------------, Ambassador in Italy to Foreign Ministry, Berlin, 13 May 1939, No. 377, p.487.
- ---------------------------------, the Foreign Ministry to the ministry of transport, Berlin, January 15, 1939, No. 432, p.557.
- ---------------------------------, Memorandum by the Director of the Legal department, Berlin, May 12, 1939, No. 371, p.480.
- ---------------------------------, Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, May 22, 1939, No. 426, pp.561-564.
ب: الإيطالية:
- D.D.I. Ser. 1935 - 1939, vol. II, Attolico a Ciano, Berlino, 9 Gennaio 1939, No. 35, p.59.
- _________,1939- 1943, vol. I, ALL'Ambasciatore A Tokio, Auriti Al Ministro Degli Esteri, Ciano, Tokio, 4 Settembre,1939, No. I3, p.1.
- _________, vol. I, Tel. 649, ALL'Ambasciatore A Tokio, Auriti, Al Ministro Degli Esteri, Ciano, Tokio, 4 Settembre 1939, No.2, p.1.
ثانياً: الرسائل الجامعية:
- العربية:
- التميمي ، هُدى محمد جواد ،(2011)، الموقف الفرنسي من النزاعِِ الإيطالي الإثيوبي 1934-1936، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة ، كلية الآداب ، جامعة بغداد.
- الأجنبية:
- Burch, James A., (1989), Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy: Totalitarian Menace or Monolithic Illusion? An Analysis of The Axis Coalition, thesis Master Unpublished, faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, New York.
ثالثاً: الكُتب الأجنبية:
Wiskemann, Elizabeth, (1949), The Rome-Berlin Axis: a history of the -Relations between Hitler and Mussolini, Oxford university press, London.
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