Lighthouses of the Eastern Mediterranean: Insights from Ottoman and Turkish Sources
Keywords:
Alexandria, Anatolia, Beirut, Cyprus, Latakia, PalestineAbstract
Lighthouses have been built since ancient times and are one of the most important elements in helping sailors avoid shallow waters and dangerous coastal slopes, as well as navigating at night. A lighthouse is a tall structure that emits light at night to guide sailors and ships, preventing collisions with rocks or running aground, and ensuring safe docking in ports. As a result, the lighthouse has become a crucial tool in maritime navigation.
Over the centuries, the architecture, technology, and lighting systems of lighthouses have continuously evolved. The Mediterranean coast, being the oldest maritime trading area in the world, saw an increase in lighthouses as science and technology advanced in the 18th century, along with the growing volume of maritime trade. New lighthouses were constructed in various locations along the Mediterranean coastline. During this period, the Ottoman Empire established the General Administration of Lighthouses, responsible for building, operating, maintaining, and repairing lighthouses.
References
- Fenerler Tarifatı, İstanbul 1294.
- Şemseddin Sami, Kamus-ı Türki, İstanbul 1890.
- Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi; Umumi Cep Atlası, İstanbul 1324.
ثانيًا: الوثائق العثمانية المحفوظة في أرشيف رئاسة الوزراء في استانبول:
- Osmanlı Arşivi, Cevdet Bahriye, nr. 10-498; nr. 62-2912.
ثالثًا: الكتب المطبوعة:
- Albayrak, M. Taner; “Doğu Akdeniz’de Deniz Fenerleri”, Türk Deniz Ticareti Sempozyumu-III (Mersin ve Doğu Akdeniz), Mersin 2011, s. 268-287.
- Braudel, Fernand; Akdeniz ve Akdeniz Dünyası, İstanbul 1989-1990, 2 cilt.
- Görgün, Hilal; “Port Said”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c. 34, s. 326-327.
- Susmuş, Cenk İsmail Murat; Türkiye’de Deniz Fenerlerinin Geçmişi ve Geleceği, İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi (2004).
- The Redhouse, English-Turkish Dictionary, İstanbul 2012.
- Toroslu, M. Vefa; Denizciye Göz Kırpan Sevdalar: Deniz Fenerleri, İzmir 2009.
- Tuncel, Metin; “Akdeniz”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c. 2, s. 229-231.
- Ulutaş, Songül-Yurtseven, Emre Evren; “Denizlerin Sessiz Tanıkları Fenerler”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt 7, sayı 1, s. 39-54.
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