Burial Customs and Traditions in Anatolia
Keywords:
Burial Customs, Early Neolithic, Skull Building, ZagrosAbstract
Burial is one of the oldest human customs acquired by humans and how they deal with the body of the deceased, as burial customs reveal important aspects of the spiritual and religious beliefs of ancient societies and the development of this process from simple graves to burial under the floors of housing and then its transformation to burial in private cemeteries and then Burial in buildings prepared for this purpose or allocating part of the settler to be the designated site for the cemetery, as each of these stages reflects important intellectual aspects and in turn indicates intellectual and spiritual interconnectedness as well as The regional relations that link the Neolithic sites throughout the Zagros region, extending across Türkiye, Iraq, and currently Iran, with an emphasis on the region of the western part of ancient Anatolia. The research discusses a number of hypotheses related to the burial process in its various stages, with an emphasis on the case of the buildings of the dead or skulls that clearly spread in the Neolithic period sites in Anatolia and from there it spread to Mesopotamia, and an attempt to explain this practice, which was interpreted as “ancestor worship” or perhaps for it. A relationship to the process of human sacrifices or offerings that were offered to a specific deity or totem in the village to ensure supplies and food resources for the people of the village, especially with the new economic development represented by simple agriculture. The first attempts at domestication, especially with the continuation of this ritual for nearly a thousand years, occurred at the site of Cayonu.
References
Arbuckle. B, Ozkaya. V, Animal Exploitation at Kortik Tepe: An Early Aceramic Neolithic Site in Southeastern Turkey, (Paléorient:2006).
Benz. M, Deckers. K, Ozkaya. V, Prelude to Village Life, Environmental Data and Building Traditions of the Epipalaeolithic Settlement at Kortik Tepe, Southeastern Turkey, (Paléorient:2015).
Brady. J, Ground Stone Continuity and Change at Catalhoyuk, (Chronika:2017).
Coban. M, Guneydogu ve Orta Anadolu Bolgelrinde Neolitik Donemde Konut ve Hane, (Edirne:2017).
Croucher. K, Death, Display and Performance: A Discussion of the Mortuary Remains at Cayonu Tepesi, (St. Petersburg: 2006).
Croucher. K, The Archaeology of Cult and Death, (Russia:2003).
Dimitrios. S, Dating Gobekli Tepe, (University of Texas:2016).
During. B, Building Continuity in the Central Anatolian Neolithic: Exploring the Meaning of Buildings at Asikli Hoyuk and Catalhoyuk, (Netherland:2005).
Erdim. D, Social Differentiations in Cayonu and Abu Hureyra Through Burial Customs and Skeletal Biology, (Turkey: 2006).
Ezgi. N, Kazanci. D, Aydogan. A & Others, A Genomic Snapshot of Demographic and Cultural Dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia During the Neolithic Transition, (Turkey: 2022).
Gokhan. M, Guneydogo Ve Orta Anadolu Bolgerinde Neolitik Donem’De Konut Ve Hane, (Edirne:2017).
Hakly. G, Gopher. A, Geometry and Architectural Planning at Gobekli Tepe, Turkey, (Cambridge Archaeological Journal:2019).
Hamblin. D, The First Cities, The Shrines of CatalHoyuk, (Harvard:1973).
Konienko.T, On the Problem of Human Sacrifice in Northern Mesopotamia in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, (Paleonvironment:2015).
Larsen. C, Knusel. C, Haddow. S & Others, Bioarcheology of Neolithic Catalhoyuk Reveals Fundamental Transitions in Health, Mobility and Lifestyle in Early Farmers, (PNAS:2019).
Lichter. C, Burial Customs of the Neolithic in Anatolia- An Over View, (Anatolian Metal VII:2016).
Mellart. J, Catal Huyuk, A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, (New York:1967).
Merve. G, Cafer Hoyuk Ve Degirmentepe Ortacag Topluluklarinin Karsilastirmali Antropolitik, (Ankara:2019).
Oksuz. B, Analysis of the cattle Bones of the Pre-pottery Neolithic Settlement of Cayonu, (Netherland:2000.
Oliver. D, Gobekli Tepe- First 20 Years of Research, German Archaeological Institute, (Berlin:2016).
Pearson. J, Grove. M, Ozbek. M, Hongo. H, Food and Social Complexity at Cayonu Tepesi, Southeastern Anatolia: Stable Isotope Evidence of Differentiations in Diet According to Burial Practice and Sex in the Early Neolithic, (Journal of Anthropological Archaeology: 2013).
Rega. M, “The Decapitation Ritual and the Ancient Maya Ballgame. From Archaeological Evidence to Sacred Stories, (Rome:2019).
Schmidt. K, Gobekli Tepe, The Neolithic in Turkey, (Istanbul:2011).
Schmidt. K, Gobekli Tepe: A Neolithic Site in Southeastern Anatolia, (Oxford:2011).
Taskiran. H, Tirpan. A, Canak Comleksgs Neolitik Donem, (Konya:2011).
Tatlock. J, Child Sacrifice in the Ancient Near and Middle East, (Oxford:2023).
المصادر العربية:
الجاسم، صباح عبود، مرحلة الانتقال من جمع القوت الى انتاج القوت في العراق وجنوب غرب آسيا، (بغداد:1975).
الجميلي، قصي صبحي عباس، الغانمي، فاتن منصور،الزمان والمكان في المشاهد الفنية على الرسوم الجدارية،(مجلة دراسات في التاريخ والاثار:2019).
الطلبي، جمعة، التحول في مخطط البيت من الدائري الى المستطيل في العصر الحجري الحديث في اعالي بلاد الرافدين، (عين شمس:2020).
علي، فاضل عبد الواحد،سومر فكر و معتقد،(بغداد:2021).
وائل حسن حمامرة، أريحا "تل السلطان" خلال العصر الحجري الحديث ما قبل الفخار (أ) (8500-7500 قبل الميلاد)، (حولية الاتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب:2023).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
