سياسة النيبال من عام 1768 حتى نهاية حكم جانغ بهادور كونوار 1877
Keywords:
النيبال، غوركا، الشاه، بريطانيا، بهادور، راناAbstract
This Article highlights Nepal, which has been plagued by problems Since its inception. Its modern history has been characterized by several ideological currents, one of which was the monarchy, which ruled Nepal by a series of hereditary rulers. However, due to the continue wars among them, it was easily invaded by the Gorkha kingdom, led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who controlled the profitable trade route between Tibet and Kathmandu, It is one of the most important objectives of his military campaigns. He became the first king of Nepal. The monarchy has had a central political expression since the creation of the Nepalese nation-state in 1768 with the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. After Narayan's death, military actions ceased, and Nepal weakened. The Shah's family soon became embroiled in a protracted power struggle, exploited by the Assembly of Lords, which vied for the position of prime minister or regent. They were all heads of important noble families in Gorkha. The conflict culminated in the rise of Jang Bahadur Kunwar in 1846, who introduced a hereditary prime minister ship. Thus, the state apparatus became entrenched in a bureaucratic culture, defined by a system of patronage that mobilized to principles of kinship and sect. One of the main objectives of the article was to examine, the causes and consequences of the invasion of the Kathmandu Valley? and how the Gorkha Empire was established by the Shah family in the 1768? This marked the beginning of a turning point in Nepal's modern history, which would profoundly affect it for years to come. Another major turning point occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, which was the second objective of the study. What were the deteriorating political and public conditions of the Shah's regime? How did they allow Jang Bahadur and his family (the Rana) to establish the "system of hereditary prime ministers" in 1856, and what were the repercussions and effects of this system until Bahadur's death in 1877, the end of the study? This study used historical research methods and a descriptive approach to achieve the research objectives and answer relevant questions, describing events, their causes, effects, and outcomes. Data was collected, interpreted, and analyzed to enable the study to reach conclusions on various issues and aspects.
References
الوثائق والكتب الوثائقية المنشورة ، الأرشيفات، التقارير، والسجلات الرسمية لحكومة الهند البريطانية:-
- Carter Center, Final Report, Political Transition Monitoring in Nepal, 2009-2014, Jimmy Carter Former U.S. President, Founder, The Carter Center, 2014.
-Centre, Catalog Record: Nepal's experiments in constitutionalism, Hathi Trust Digital Library, Kathmandu, 2007.
- Internet Archive, History of Nepal, The Thakuri Dynasty, Wayback Machine, 13 Jun 2002 - 6 May 2002.
- Keesing’s Contemporary Archives, Vol. No. VI, Keesing’s Bristol, (London: Keesing’s Publications Ltd., 1943-1946).
- Khatiwoda, Rajan, Cubelic, Simon, &others, (eds.),The Mulukī Ain of 1854: Nepal’s First Legal Code, Documenta Nepalica, Book Series, Heidelberg University Publishing (heiUP), Heidelberg, 2021.
-Manandhar, Vijay Kumar, A documentary history of Nepalese quinquennial missions to China, 1792-1906,Adroit Publishers, 2001.
-Plumb, J. H., Wiener, Joel H.,(eds.), Great British: Foreign policy and the Span of Empire 1689- 1971: A Documentary History, Vol. 3, 2nd. ed., New York: Chelsea House Publishers, McGraw-Hill, 1972.Wiener, Joel H., compiler.
-Singh, Haris chandra Lal, Principal Records of Nepal: A collection of important facts and events of Nepal in the chronological order, Published by Satish Singh, 1985.
- T.H. McGuffie, Report on The Military: Papers of Field Marshal Sir George Nugent, Bart. 1757–1849, In the Royal United Service Institution Library Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Oxford Academic, Oxford University Press, Volume 21, Issue 64, pp. 225–232, May 1948, p. 229. Published:12 October 2007.
-The electronic open access version of this work is permanently available on Heidelberg University Publishing’s website: https://heiup.uniheidelberg.deurn:urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-heiup-book7693doi: https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.769
-Treaty of Peace (the Sugauli Treaty) between the British India and Nepal, 1815, published in C.U. Aitchison (ed.),Treaties and Engagements Relating to Nepal, Pt. II (Calcutta: Government of India Printing Department, 1909).
الكتب الاجنبية:-
-Bhattarai, Hari Prasad., Subedi, Jhalak, (eds.), Democratic constitution making: experiences from Nepal, Kenya, South Africa, and Sri Lanka, Nepal South Asia.
- Clay Arnold, Nepal (1923-present), Department of Government, Public Service, and International Studies, Political Science, University of Central Arkansas, , 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, 2021.
- Goyal, Narendra, Political History of Himalayan States- Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Nagaland Since 1947, 2nd. ed., Indermani Bajaj- Cambridge Book & Stationery, New Delhi, 1966.
- Mukherjee, Pablo, What About Postcolonial Politics in Nepal?, PhD. (ABD), Politics| New School for Social Research, Chris Crews, 2006.
- Political Structures and Processes in Nepal, Country Profiles: Nepal, Bhutan, Unit 11, Ignou The People's University, Content Digitized by eGyanKosh, Ignou, N. D..
- S. R. Osmani & B. B. Bajracharya, The Economic Development of Nepal: A Long- Term Perspective, St. Xavier's College, Nepal, March, 2007.
- Sanwal, Bhairava Dat, Nepal and the East India Company, Asia Publishing House, Bombay,1965.
- Savada, Andrea Matles, Nepal and Bhutan country studies, Area handbook series, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, 3rd. ed.,1993.
- Shaha, Rishikesh, Ancient and Medieval Nepal, Kathmandu, 1997.
- Tyagi, Sushila, Indo-Nepalese relations 1858-1914,D. K. Publishing House, the University of California, 1974.
- Upadhyaya, Shreeram Prasad, Indo-Nepal trade relations: a historical analysis of Nepal's trade with the British India, Nirala Series Publications,1992.
- Uprety, Prem Raman, Nepal-Tibet relations, 1850-1930: years of hopes, challenges, and frustrations2nd. ed., Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1998.
- Whelpton, John, Kings, Soldiers and Priests: Nepalese politics and the Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana, 1830-1857, Ajay Kumar Jain: Manohar Publications, New Delhi, 1991.
المقالات والاوراق المنشورة:-
-Adhikari , Radheshyam (Member of Parliament of Nepal), Nepal’s Experiences with the Abolition of Death Penalty, 4 March, 1998.
- Adhikari, Dhruba Raj, “A Small State Between Two Major Powers: Nepal’s Foreign Policy Since 1816,” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 2 (1), pp.43-74, Tribhuvan University, Kathmand, July2018.
-B. C. Upreti, “Nationalism In South Asia : Trends And Interpretations”, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 535-544, (JULY - SEPT., 2006).
- Bhattacharjee, Dhrubajyoti & Meena, Rakesh Kumar, “The Rise and Fall of the Shahs of Nepal,” SSRN Electronic Journal, pp. 1-7, May 2008.
- Blei, Tone, "The Decade of Violent Destabilisation in Nepal: An Analysis of its Historical Background and Trajectory", Article, Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 10, pp.(46-106 ), 2007.
- Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Background Note: Nepal, January,Report, General Survey, 2009.
- Dharan, Sunsari, Report on Political History of Nepal, Tribhuvan University, Mahendra Multle Campus, Department of Management, March 2022.
- Gautam, Bhim Lal, “Language politics in Nepal: A socio-historical overview”, Journal of World Languages, 7(2), pp.355–374: January 12, 2022.
- Thapa, Kanak Bikram, Religion and Law in Nepal, Brigham Young University Law School, Vol. 20, Issue 3, Article 12, pp. 921- 930, 2010.
الرسائل والاطاريح:-
- Drucza,Kristie, Social Inclusion and Social Protection in Nepal, A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, 2016.
- Ismail, Feyzi, The consequences of co-option: NGOs, The left and social change in Nepal, Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Development Studies, Department of Development Studies School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2013.
- Smith, Thomas Burns, The Ideology of Nepal's Panchayati Raj, A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Government, Master of Arts in the Graduate College, The University of Arizona, 1967.
الموسوعات الحرة:-
-- Unification, expansion and consolidation (1768–1951), Main article: Kingdom of Nepal, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal
-- History Of Nepal,https://mofa.gov.np/.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
