German Economic Policy in Norway
1940–1945
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65074/aqv1ed45Keywords:
Economic resources, Gold, Norwegian Bank, Minerals, TerbovenAbstract
From the outset of its occupation of Norway, Germany sought to control Norwegian economic resources, particularly the state treasury and gold reserves. Anticipating the threat, the Norwegian government implemented a well-organized plan to conceal and evacuate the gold before the German forces entered Oslo, later transferring it to London and the United States. During the occupation, German authorities extensively exploited Norway’s economic resources to finance their military presence and support the German war economy. This included the development of infrastructure, the construction of military fortifications, and the exploitation of mineral resources for war industries. The occupation’s financial burdens were largely imposed on Norwegian banks, leading to inflation and rising living costs. Norway also bore the costs of the German army and provided labor, including prisoners of war, resulting in lasting negative impacts on the Norwegian economy.
References
اولا: الوثائق غير المنشورة
1- Bilfinger Archive, A 2797–1, Report on the line inspection for the railway project: Fauske –Narvik – Kirkenes, 15.6.42, fol,1942.
ثانيا: الوثائق المنشورة
1- Statistisk Sentrabyrå, Statistiske oversikter 1948, Oslo: SSB, 1949.
2- Stortingsforhandlingene (Parliamentary Records, PR), St.meld.nr.55,Oslo, 1957.
3- Trial of Major War Criminals Nuremberg, Germany The United States Government, Vol. I. 1948.
ثالثا: الكتب الاجنبية
1- Andersen Ketil Gjølme, Flaggskip i fremmed eie. Norsk Hydro 1905–1945, Oslo: Pax, 2005.
2- Bergverkenes landssammenslutning, Bergverkenes landssammenslutning gjennom 50 ar 1907–1957, Oslo, 1957.
3- Beton und Tiefbau Mast Aktiengesellschaft. Von einem, der auszog das Bauen zu lernen: 50 Jahre, Berlin:, 1955.
4- Claasen Adam R. A., Hitler's Northern War The Luftwaffe's Ill-Fated Campaign, 1940-1945 , by the University Press of Kansas, 2001.
5- Daub Walter. OT-Verträge. Vertragsrecht der Organisation Todt, Stand 30. Juni 1942. Wiesbaden: Schellenberg’sche Buchdruckerei, 1942.
6- Didriksen, J, Industrien under hakekorset. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1987.
7- Grimnes Ole Kristian ‘Norway IN The Second World War Politics، Society، And Conflict’ New York, 2022.
8- Hans Otto and Others, Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied Europe Norway in Context,London,2016.
9- Hauge, Eiliv Odde and Vera Hartmann. Flight from Dakar. Translated by F.H. Lyon.New York: E.P. Dutton, 1954.
10- Hein Klemann and Sergei Kudryashov, Occupied economies. An economic history of Nazi-occupied Europe, 1939–1945, London: Berg, 2012.
11- Hjeltnes, G., Hverdagsliv. Oslo: Aschehoug Forlag, 1986.
12- Hodne, F. and O.H. Grytten. Norsk økonomi 1900-1990. Oslo: Tano, 1992.
13- Jonas Scherner, The Institutional Architecture of Financing German Exploitation: Principles,Conflicts, and Results, in Paying for Hitler’s War: The Consequences of Nazi Hegemony for Europe, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
14- Kjeldstadli, S. Hjemmestyrkene. Hovedtrekkene av den militære motstanden under okkupasjonen. Oslo: Aschehoug, 1959.
15- Kroener, B.R., R.-D. Müller, and H. Umbreit, eds., Germany and the Second World War Volume V/II: Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1942-1944/5, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.
16- Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Germany and the Second World War, V/II, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2015.
17- Pearson Robert,Gold Run The Rescue of Norways Gold Bullion From The Nazis,April 1949,Britain,London,2015.
18- Petrow Richard , he Invasion and Occupation of Denmark and NorwayApril 1940 -May 1945. New York 1974.
19- Robert Bohn,Reichskommissariat Norwegen Nationalsozialistische Neuordnung und Kriegswirtschaft, München, 2000.
20- Storeide Nette H., Norske Krigsprofi tører. Nazi-Tysklands velvillige medløpere, Oslo: Gyldendal, 2014.
21- Thomas Kingston Derry, Tore Gjelsvik, Norwegian Resistance, 1940-1945, trans.. London: C. Hurst & Company, 1979.
22- Udgaard Nils Morten, Great Power Politics and Norwegian Foreign Policy: A study of Norway's Foreign Relations November 1940- February 1948 Oslo: Unversitetsforlaget, 1973.
رابعا: البحوث المنشورة
1- Andersen, Steen. Between Imperative and Risk. The Case of Christiani & Nielsen’s Market Entry in Norway 1941–1945. Scandinavian Economic History Review 59, no. 1, 2011.
2- Grytten, O.H., Arbeidsledighetens omfang i Norge i mellomkrigstiden, Historisk Tidsskrift .VOl.71,1992.
3- Harald Espeli, Det gavner ingenting a gjøre store vanskeligheter i sma saker. Dette er ikke storesaker. Norges Bank, Administrasjonsrådet og etableringen av okkupasjonskontoen i 1940,Historisk Tidsskrift vol. 190, 2011.
خامسا: الصحف:
1- The Washincton Post,No.23,332,May 3,1940.
2- The Washington Post,No.23,336,May 7,1940.
3- The Scotsman,No.30,858,April 22,1942.
4- The Scotsman,No 31,045.November 26,1942.
5- The Scandinvin American,Volume,1 August,1945.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
