الفضة واستعمالاتها في اقتصاد بلاد الرافدين خلال عصر فجر السلالات
Keywords:
Mesopotamia, silver, gold, tradeAbstract
The people in ancient Mesopotamia know many minerals (Metal Tools) , and they also know how to manufacture it and used them . Minerals have entered in many of their businesses and industries , even in the field of producing artworks (artifacts) . Pots and agricultural tools as well as weapons they used in everyday life . The most important of these metals are : gold , silver , copper , and tin , which some of them entered in the work of bronze bullion . The ancient Mesopotamians struggled to get the materials , they were carrying the tired journeys in order to bring the raw materials from far away counties , among them were Dilmun , Magan , Meluhha , Eygpt and Anatolia
References
وليد الجادر ، الصناعة ، موسوعة الموصل الحضارية ، ج 1 ، ط 1 ، (الموصل:1991) ، ص 225 .
مارتن ليفي ، الكيمياء والتكنولوجيا الكيميائية في وادي الرافدين ، تر: محمود فياض المياحي وآخرون ، (بغداد:1986) ، ص 19 .
نواله أحمد محمود المتولي ، مدخل ....... ، ص 287-288 .
وليد الجادر ، صناعة التعدين ، حضارة العراق ، ج 1 ، (بغداد:1985) ، ص 252 .
Labat , MDA , p.211 ; CDA , p.150 ; Borger , AbZ , p.179 .
صباح اسطيفان كجه جي ، الصناعة في تاريخ ....... ، ص 54 .
فاطمة عباس سلمان المعموري ، نصوص مسمارية غير مدروسة من عصر سلالة أور الثالثة ، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة ، جامعة بغداد ، كلية الآداب ، قسم الآثار ، (بغداد:2008) ، ص 207.
مارتن ليفي ، الكيمياء والتكنولوجيا ....... ، ص 247 .
ابراهيم عبد القادر ، وسائل واساليب ترميم وصيانة الآثار ومقتنيات المتاحف الفنية ، (الرياض :1979) ، ص 103 .
Labat , MDA , p.211 ; CDA , p.121 ; CAD , H , p.245 .
صباح اسطيفان كجه جي ، الصناعة في تاريخ ....... ، ص 50 .
Maxwell , Hyslop , K. , Sources of Sumerian Gold , Iraq , vol.39/1 , (London:1977) , p.211 .
Moorey , Ancient Mesopotamia Materials and Industries , (Oxford: 1994) , p.217 .
Labat , MDA , p.211 .
CDA , p.420 .
Halloran , Sum.L. , p.199 .
Legrain , L. , Business Documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur , UET , vol.3 , (London:1947) , p.138 ;
- Oppenheim , L. , Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets of the Will berforce Eames Babylonian Collection , AOS , vol.32 , (New Haven: 1948) , p.92.
- Hubner , B. and Reizammer , A. , Šumerisch-Deutsches Glossar , ŠDG , Band I-II , (Ostern :1986) , p.749 .
Borger , AbZ , p.206 .
Halloran , Sum.L. , p.244 .
Labat , MDA , p.169 ; CDA , p.369 .
مؤيد محمد سليمان جعفر الدليمي ، الأوزان في العراق القديم في ضوء الكتابات المسمارية المنشورة وغير المنشورة ، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة ، جامعة الموصل ، كلية الآداب ، قسم الاثار ، (الموصل:2001) ، ص 61 .
Labat , MDA , p.213 ; AHw , p.520 .
منذر علي عبد المالك ، قاموس المصطلحات السومرية – الأكدية ، (بغداد : 2013) ، ص 167 .
- Martin , I. and Harriet ,P. , The Fara Tablets in University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , CDL press , FTP , (Maryland: 2001) , p.25 , no.1 .
- Viscato ,G. and Westenholz , A. , Early Dynastic and Early Sargonic Tablets from Adab in the Cornell University Collections , CUSAS , vol.11 , (USA:2009) , no.316 .
Labat , MDA , p.89 .
Ibid. , p.89 ; CDA , p.329 .
Ibid. , p.113 , p.243 .
Borger , AbZ , p.71 ; Bauer , J. , Alt Sumerische Wirstschafts Texts aus Lagash , AWL , (Roma:1972) ,p.642 .
Labat , MDA , p.223 .
CDA , p.330 .
منذر علي عبد المالك ، قاموس المصطلحات السومرية ..... ، ص 29 .
هدى هادي علوش ، نصوص اقتصادية غير منشورة من العصر الأكدي القديم ، رسالة ماجستير غير منشور ، جامعة بغداد ، كلية الآداب ، قسم الآثار ، (بغداد:2013) ، ص 43 .
Powell , M.A. " Texts from the Time of Lugalzagezi , Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation " HUCA , vol.49 , (Cincinnati : 1978) , p.6-7 .
استنساخات وصور النصوص
النص رقم (1)
النص رقم (2)
النص رقم (3)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
