السياسة الامريكية تجاه الصومال واثرها على منطقة القرن الافريقي 2001-2006

- لمزيد من التفاصيل ينظر .

Gaddis ,john lews , Strategics of Containment ,US naval war college ,1975.

- Clapham ,Christopher, Hail –Selassies Government, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969, p.25.

- Henze ,Paul ,B,The United State and the Horn of Africa : History and Current Challenge Rand Corporation ,Santa Monico, 1990, p.13.

- Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,US Strategic Interest in Somalia : From Cold War on Terror , A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the State University at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree , United States , 2009 , P.8.

- تذكر المادة بشكل صريح ان تعمل الجمهورية الوليدة على استعادة سيادتها وان تضم الاقاليم الخمسة ، الصومال الفرنسي – العفر وعيسى والصومال الغربي من اثيوبيا ، والاقليم الشمالي الشرقي من كينيا . لمزيد من التفاصيل ينظر .

Lewis, M, Nationalism and Self Determination in The Horn Of Africa, London, Westview Press, 1983.p.167

- Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-1963,VOL.xxl,Africa , Document 306,Memorandum from William H, Brubeech of the National security council staff to president Kennedy, Washington,25October 1963,p.483.

- Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, Arms for the Horn: U.S. security policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991, University of Pittsburgh Press,1991. P.31.

- Menkhaus .Ken ,S omalia and the Horn of Africa , World Bank, Washington, DC ,2011.p.15.

- Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,op.ct ,P8.

- صلاح الدين حافظ ، صراع القوى العظمى حول القرن الإفريقي ، الكويت ، 1982، ص ص 69-79.

- . Madan .M.Sauldie , , Ethiopia Dawn of the Red STAR, new York , 1982 ,p214

- Christiane, E. Philipp, Somalia ,Avery special case, Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005,p.212.

- Henze .Paul , OP.CT,p.5.

- Madan .M.Sauldie , op.ct,p214.

- Jeffrey A. Lefebvre., , op.ct,p.40.

- Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,op.ct, p. 10.

- Ibid, p. 11.

- Henze .Paul , OP.CT, P. viii.

- كان لكل حركة نشاط في مناطق معينة تختلف عن الاخرى في وسط وجنوب الصومال ومن ابرزها ، الحركة القومیة الصومالیة ، المؤتمرالصومالي الموحد ، جبھة التحریر الآبو الصومالي ، جبھة التحریر المتحدة ، التحالف الدیموقراطي الصومالي ، الجبهة الوطنية المتحدة للصومال ، الجیش الوطني الصومالي ، جبھة العمل الصومالي . ينظر .

Mohamed, Issam A.W, Review of Somalia, Greed , Colonization and Socioeconomic Impacts . Khartoum, Sudan 2011,p.8.

- Brewd,joseph , Horn of Africa War Disrupts London s plan vs .sudan , Eir Executive Intelligence Review ,vol.25,no.25,June19, European parliament , 1998 ,p.55.

- Henze .Paul , OP.CT, P. 5

- Stewart, Richard. W, The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994, United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, D.C, 2003,p.3.

- Doc .Gp.34: 993-94. United States Congressional serial set catalog , 103d Congress1993-1994, issn 0898.1639.Washington ,2000.

https://books.google.iq/books?id=J7CFEuO1PzsC&pg=SA1-PA72&lpg=SA1-

- الامم المتحدة والصومال 1992-1996، المجلد الثامن ، ادارة شؤون الاعلام ، الامم المتحدة ، نيويورك ، 1996، ص 449.

- Christiane, E. Philipp ,op.ct, pp.536-539

- الامم المتحدة والصومال 1992-1996، المصدر السابق ، ص 449.

- Moller, Bjorn ,The Horn of Africa and the US "War on Terror" with special Focus on Somalia Internationale Studier og Samfundsforhold, Aalborg Universitet , Denmark,2009.p.3.

- Patman .Robert.G. The Roots of strategic failure: The Somalia Syndrome and Al Qaeda’s path to 9/11, International Politics Vol. 52, Department of Politics, University of Otago, , New Zealand. 2015. P. 112.

- - Moller, Bjorn , op.ct , .p.4.

- S.J.Res.23 - Authorization for Use of Military Force 107th Congress (2001- 2002)107th Congress Public Law 40, From the U.S. Government Printing Office, DOCID: f:pub l040.107 Page 115 STAT. 224.

- Moller, Bjorn ,op.ct, p. 5.

-- Bush, G. W,The national security strategy of the United States of America, September , white house ,washington,2002.

https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf.

- Patman ,Robert ,op.ct, p.100.

– Ibid,p. 101

- Somalia: Review of 2002, Informing humanitarians worldwide 24/7 NAIROBI , 17 Jan 2003.

- Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,op.ct,231.

- Walter H. Kansteiner, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs

Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs Washington, DC , February 6, 2002 . P.1

- -The HIdden US War in Somalia , Civilan Casual Ties From Air Striks in Lower Shabblily Amnesty International,London,2019,p.25.

- Walter H. Kansteiner,OP.CT, P. 2.

- Somalia: Review of 2002, Informing humanitarians worldwide 24/7 NAIROBI , 17 Jan 2003.

- Peter J Quaranto , Building States While Fihgting Terror, Contradictions in United States Strategy in Somalia From 2001 TO 2007, USA, 2008.P.122

- - The HIdden US War in Somalia, OP.CT .p. 20.

- - Somalia’s Islamists, AFRICA REPORT N 100, International Crisi Group 12 DECEMBER 2005,p.9.

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/somalias-islamists.

- - Peter J Quaranto ,op.ct,p. 130.

- - Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,op.ct,145.

- - Barnes, cedric and Hassan,Harun, The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts , Journal of Eastern African Stadies , vol .1, issue .2,2007.p,151.

- - Somalia’s Islamists, AFRICA REPORT N 100, International Crisi Group 12 DECEMBER 2005,p26.

- - Ibid,p.30; Abdullahi, A. “The Roots of the Islamic Conflict in Somalia.” Somalia: Exploring a Way Out. Nairobi: National Civic Forum, 4 June 2010,Pp.17-40.

https://www.hiiraan.com/comments2-op-2010-jun-the_roots_of_the_islamic_conflict_in_somalia.aspx

- . Ignacio, Gatierrez de TERAN Gomez -Benta I Somalia, entre la furia de EEUU 47- Somalia, entre la furia de EEUU y el resurgimiento del enero, - "الصومال أو الأزمة التي لا تنتهي: بين مطرقة التدخل الأمريكي وسندان الإسلام " السياسي Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos - REIM - Nº 1 -I abril, 2007.p.88.

- Ibid,p.89 .

- Ignacio, Gatierrez ,op.cit,p. 89. .

Barnes, cedric and Hassan,Harun ,op.ct ,p. 151. –50-

- -Ibid,p.161

-- Somalia’s Islamists, AFRICA REPORT N 100, International Crisi Group 12 DECEMBER 2005,p16.

- United Nations, Security Council, S/RES/1725 (2006) , Distr.: General 6 December 2006, Resolution 1725 (2006) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5579th meeting on 6 December 2006

- David Gollust, US Concerned Somalia Conflict Could Spread Washington02 November 2006

.

-Menkhaus .Ken ,op.ct,p. 45.

- - Peter J Quaranto , op.ct,p.22.

- 57- Elliot, Ashley and Holzer, Georg-Sebastian ,The invention of ‘terrorism’ in Somalia: paradigms and policy in US foreign relations South African, Journal of International Affairs International Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 2, August 2009.p.221.

- Williams .Paul, UNDERSTANDING Policy in Somalia Current Challenges and Future Options, RESEARCH PAPER, Chatham House ISBN: 978 1 78413 401 3 PAPER14 JULY 2020. P. 5.

https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/07/understanding-us-policy-somalia.

- Elliot, Ashley and Holzer, Georg-Sebastian ,op.ct, p. 221.

- Warsame , Ahmed Hussein. Role of International Aid and Open Trade Policies in Rebuilding the Somali State, p.20.

- Elliot, Ashley and Holzer, Georg-Sebastian ,op.ct, p. 220.

- Moller.Bjon,The Somali conflict ,The rol of External Actors ,Danish Institute For International Studie Dils ,Copenhagen,2009,p.78.

- Graham Turbiville Josh Meservey James Forest , Countering the al-Shabaab Insurgency in Somalia: Lessons for U.S. Special Operations Forces Report 14-1 The JSOU Press MacDill Air Force Base, Florida 2014.pp.4-8.

- Shinn, David H, and Joshua Eisenman, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement , University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. P. 6.

- Elliot, Ashley and Holzer, Georg-Sebastian ,op.ct, p. 220.

- Peter J Quaranto ,op.ct,p.167.

- War in Somalia (2006–2009) , Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, p.1.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009).

-Ibid,p.2.

Carnage as Somalia 'in state of war'" 22 december2006. 69-

https://www.geeskaafrika.com/the-cnn-effect-and-somalia

Sources

Published Documents.

- Doc .Gp.34: 993-94. United States Congressional serial set catalog , 103d Congress1993-1994, issn 0898.1639.Washington ,2000.

- S.J.Res.23 - Authorization for Use of Military Force 107th Congress (2001-2002)107th Congress Public Law 40,

From the U.S. Government Printing Office, DOCID: f:pub l040.107

Page 115 STAT. 224.

- Bush, G. W,The national security strategy of the United States of America, September , white house ,washington,2002.

- Christiane, E. Philipp, Somalia ,Avery special case, Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005.

- Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-1963,VOL.xxl,Africa , Document 306,Memorandum from William H, Brubeech of the National security council staff to president Kennedy, Washington,25October 1963,p.483.

- The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996, Volume VIII, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, 1996.

- United Nations, Security Council, S/RES/1725 (2006) , Distr.: General 6 December 2006, Resolution 1725 (2006) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5579th meeting on 6 December 2006.

- Walter H. Kansteiner, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs

Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs

Washington, DC , February 6, 2002.

- الوثاثق المنشورة باللغة العربية .

- الامم المتحدة والصومال 1992-1996، المجلد الثامن ، ادارة شؤون الاعلام ، الامم المتحدة ، نيويورك ، 1996.

University theses.

- Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,US Strategic Interest in Somalia : From Cold War on Terror , A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the State University at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree , United States , 2009 .

- BOOKS .

- Henze ,Paul ,B,The United State and the Horn of Africa : History and Current Challenge Rand Corporation ,Santa Monico, 1990.

- Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, Arms for the Horn: U.S. security policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991, University of Pittsburgh Press,1991.

- Lewis, M, Nationalism and Self Determination in The Horn Of Africa, London, Westview Press, 1983.

- Madan .M.Sauldie , Ethiopia Dawn of the Red STAR, new York , 19 82.

- Menkhaus .Ken ,S omalia and the Horn of Africa , World Bank, Washington, DC ,2011.

- Moller, Bjorn ,The Horn of Africa and the US "War on Terror" with special Focus on Somalia Internationale Studier og Samfundsforhold, Aalborg Universitet , Denmark,2009.

- Moller.Bjon,The Somali conflict ,The rol of External Actors ,Danish Institute For International Studie Dils ,Copenhagen,2009.

- Mohamed, Issam A.W, REVIEW OF SOMALIA, GREED, COLONIZATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS. Khartoum, Sudan 2011

- Shinn, David H, and Joshua Eisenman, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement , University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

- Patman .Robert.G. The Roots of strategic failure: The Somalia Syndrome and Al Qaeda’s path to 9/11, International Politics Vol. 52, Department of Politics, University of Otago, , New Zealand. 2015.

- Peter J Quaranto , Building States While Fihgting Terror, Contradictions in United States Strategy in Somalia From 2001 TO 2007, USA, 2008.

- الكتب العربية .

- صلاح الدين حافظ ، صراع القوى العظمى حول القرن الإفريقي ، الكويت ، 1982.

Research published in journals.

- Barnes, cedric and Hassan,Harun, The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts , Journal of Eastern African Stadies , vol .1, issue .2,2007..

-. Ignacio, Gatierrez de TERAN Gomez -Benta I Somalia, entre la furia de EEUU 23- Somalia, entre la furia de EEUU y el resurgimiento del enero, - "الصومال أو الأزمة التي لا تنتهي: بين مطرقة التدخل الأمريكي وسندان الإسلام " السياسي Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos - REIM - Nº 1 -I abril, 2007.

- Elliot, Ashley and Holzer, Georg-Sebastian ,The invention of ‘terrorism’ in Somalia: paradigms and policy in US foreign relations South African, Journal of International Affairs International Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 2, August 2009..

Reports

- Abdullahi, A. “The Roots of the Islamic Conflict in Somalia.” Somalia: Exploring a Way Out. Nairobi: National Civic Forum, 4 June 2010.

- David Gollust, US Concerned Somalia Conflict Could Spread Washington02 November 2006.

- Carnage as Somalia 'in state of war'" 22 december2006. -

- https://www.geeskaafrika.com/the-cnn-effect-and-somalia

- Somalia’s Islamists, AFRICA REPORT N 100, International Crisi Group 12 DECEMBER 2005.

- Somalia: Review of 2002, Informing humanitarians worldwide 24/7 NAIROBI , 17 Jan 2003.

- Stewart, Richard. W, The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994, United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, D.C, 2003,

- The HIdden US War in Somalia , Civilan Casual Ties From Air Striks in Lower Shabblily Amnesty International,London,2019.

- Williams .Paul, UNDERSTANDING Policy in Somalia Current Challenges and Future Options, RESEARCH PAPER, Chatham House ISBN: 978 1 78413 401 3 PAPER14 JULY 2020.

-

Encyclopedias .

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)