American Policy Towards Somalia and Its Impact on The Horn of Africa 2001-2006
Keywords:
امريكا, الصومال, سياسة, الارهاب, الاسلام, القرن الافريقيAbstract
The subject of US policy towards Somalia between 2001-2007 deals with an important aspect of the history of US-Somali relations, which have been known since their inception in the second half of the twentieth century, with numerous confrontations, divergence and convergence in different historical stages. The research aims to trace the paths of the hard-line American policy towards Somalia in the stage of the United States' unilateralism as a superpower over the international system, and its declaration of war to combat the so-called "terrorism", which led to Somalia being a field for confronting extremist currents through the United States declaring war by proxy with Ethiopia until it became a kind of The war of attrition with the Mujahideen Youth Movement
References
Published Documents.
- Doc .Gp.34: 993-94. United States Congressional serial set catalog , 103d Congress1993-1994, issn 0898.1639.Washington ,2000.
- S.J.Res.23 - Authorization for Use of Military Force 107th Congress (2001-2002)107th Congress Public Law 40,
From the U.S. Government Printing Office, DOCID: f:pub l040.107
Page 115 STAT. 224.
- Bush, G. W,The national security strategy of the United States of America, September , white house ,washington,2002.
- Christiane, E. Philipp, Somalia ,Avery special case, Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005.
- Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-1963,VOL.xxl,Africa , Document 306,Memorandum from William H, Brubeech of the National security council staff to president Kennedy, Washington,25October 1963,p.483.
- The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996, Volume VIII, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, 1996.
- United Nations, Security Council, S/RES/1725 (2006) , Distr.: General 6 December 2006, Resolution 1725 (2006) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5579th meeting on 6 December 2006.
- Walter H. Kansteiner, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs
Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs
Washington, DC , February 6, 2002.
- الوثاثق المنشورة باللغة العربية .
- الامم المتحدة والصومال 1992-1996، المجلد الثامن ، ادارة شؤون الاعلام ، الامم المتحدة ، نيويورك ، 1996.
University theses.
- Mohamed .A,Mohamed ,US Strategic Interest in Somalia : From Cold War on Terror , A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the State University at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree , United States , 2009 .
- BOOKS .
- Henze ,Paul ,B,The United State and the Horn of Africa : History and Current Challenge Rand Corporation ,Santa Monico, 1990.
- Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, Arms for the Horn: U.S. security policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991, University of Pittsburgh Press,1991.
- Lewis, M, Nationalism and Self Determination in The Horn Of Africa, London, Westview Press, 1983.
- Madan .M.Sauldie , Ethiopia Dawn of the Red STAR, new York , 19 82.
- Menkhaus .Ken ,S omalia and the Horn of Africa , World Bank, Washington, DC ,2011.
- Moller, Bjorn ,The Horn of Africa and the US "War on Terror" with special Focus on Somalia Internationale Studier og Samfundsforhold, Aalborg Universitet , Denmark,2009.
- Moller.Bjon,The Somali conflict ,The rol of External Actors ,Danish Institute For International Studie Dils ,Copenhagen,2009.
- Mohamed, Issam A.W, REVIEW OF SOMALIA, GREED, COLONIZATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS. Khartoum, Sudan 2011
- Shinn, David H, and Joshua Eisenman, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement , University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
- Patman .Robert.G. The Roots of strategic failure: The Somalia Syndrome and Al Qaeda’s path to 9/11, International Politics Vol. 52, Department of Politics, University of Otago, , New Zealand. 2015.
- Peter J Quaranto , Building States While Fihgting Terror, Contradictions in United States Strategy in Somalia From 2001 TO 2007, USA, 2008.
- الكتب العربية .
- صلاح الدين حافظ ، صراع القوى العظمى حول القرن الإفريقي ، الكويت ، 1982.
Research published in journals.
- Barnes, cedric and Hassan,Harun, The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts , Journal of Eastern African Stadies , vol .1, issue .2,2007..
-. Ignacio, Gatierrez de TERAN Gomez -Benta I Somalia, entre la furia de EEUU 23- Somalia, entre la furia de EEUU y el resurgimiento del enero, - "الصومال أو الأزمة التي لا تنتهي: بين مطرقة التدخل الأمريكي وسندان الإسلام " السياسي Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos - REIM - Nº 1 -I abril, 2007.
- Elliot, Ashley and Holzer, Georg-Sebastian ,The invention of ‘terrorism’ in Somalia: paradigms and policy in US foreign relations South African, Journal of International Affairs International Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 2, August 2009..
Reports
- Abdullahi, A. “The Roots of the Islamic Conflict in Somalia.” Somalia: Exploring a Way Out. Nairobi: National Civic Forum, 4 June 2010.
- David Gollust, US Concerned Somalia Conflict Could Spread Washington02 November 2006.
- Carnage as Somalia 'in state of war'" 22 december2006. -
- https://www.geeskaafrika.com/the-cnn-effect-and-somalia
- Somalia’s Islamists, AFRICA REPORT N 100, International Crisi Group 12 DECEMBER 2005.
- Somalia: Review of 2002, Informing humanitarians worldwide 24/7 NAIROBI , 17 Jan 2003.
- Stewart, Richard. W, The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994, United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, D.C, 2003,
- The HIdden US War in Somalia , Civilan Casual Ties From Air Striks in Lower Shabblily Amnesty International,London,2019.
- Williams .Paul, UNDERSTANDING Policy in Somalia Current Challenges and Future Options, RESEARCH PAPER, Chatham House ISBN: 978 1 78413 401 3 PAPER14 JULY 2020.
-
Encyclopedias .
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
