الاخمينيون .. من القرية الى المدينة
Keywords:
الاخمينيون, تاريخ قديمAbstract
يُعدّ التحول الحضاري من الأنماط الريفية أو القبلية إلى البنى المدنية أحد أبرز مؤشرات النضج السياسي والتطور الاجتماعي الذي شهدته حضارات الشرق الأدنى القديم، وتُعدّ الإمبراطورية الأخمينية (550–330 ق.م) نموذجًا بالغ الأهمية في هذا السياق. فقد نهضت هذه الدولة، التي أسّسها كورش الكبير، من رحم تشكيلات قبلية وعشائرية كانت تستقر في الأقاليم الجبلية من جنوب غرب إيران، ونجحت خلال فترة زمنية قصيرة في إنشاء واحدة من أوسع الإمبراطوريات وأكثرها تنظيمًا في العالم القديم. وليس من المبالغة القول إن هذا التحول، من البداوة والقرية إلى المدينة والنظام، كان ركيزة أساسية في صعود الأخمينين كقوة عالمية([i]).
لقد ارتبط هذا التحول ارتباطًا عضويًا بطبيعة المشروع السياسي الأخميني، الذي لم يكن مجرد توسّع عسكري، بل كان مشروعًا لإعادة صياغة البنى الاجتماعية والإدارية والاقتصادية بما يخدم الاستقرار الإمبراطوري طويل الأمد. ولذلك، شكّلت عملية التمدين والانتقال إلى نمط الحياة الحضرية – سواء عبر إنشاء المدن أو توسيع البنى التحتية – خطوة استراتيجية لتثبيت سلطة المركز الإمبراطوري وضمان تدفق الموارد من الأطراف إلى المركز. وقد عبّر المؤرخ الفرنسي بيير بريان عن هذه الرؤية حين أشار إلى أن "المدينة في التصور الأخميني لم تكن فقط وحدة سكانية، بل كانت مركزًا للسلطة ومسرحًا لتمثيل الأيديولوجيا الملكية
References
Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns, 2002, pp. 1–10).
( )(Briant, 2002, p. 267).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Routledge, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 132–138).
( )(Margaret Cool Root, The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art, E.J. Brill, 1979, pp. 78–83).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Routledge, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 18–22).
( )(Matt Waters, Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 14).
( )(هيرودوت، تاريخ هيرودوت، ترجمة عبد الاله الملاح،( ابو ظبي،2001)،ك1،ص ص 125– 130).
( )(Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, Eisenbrauns, 2002, pp. 27–30).
( )(Cyrus Cylinder, British Museum; see:Kuhrt,2007,Vol. I,pp.70–75).
( )(Waters, 2014, pp. 21–23).
( )(Kuhrt, 2007, Vol. I, p. 73).
( )(Briant, 2002, pp. 52–55).
( )(See: R.G. Kent, Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, American Oriental Series, 1953, pp. 116–121).
( )(Margaret Cool Root, 1979, pp. 45–49).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire, Routledge, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 87–90).
( )(Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, Eisenbrauns, 2002, pp. 103–106).
( )(Briant, 2002, p. 115).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, 2007, pp. 139–143).
( ) (Pierre Briant, 2002, pp. 234–240).
( ) (Matt Waters, Ancient Persia, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 62–65).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, 2007, pp. 158–161) .
( )Margaret Root, The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art, Brill, 1979, pp. 94–98).
( ) (Briant, 2002, pp. 270–275).
( )M. Dusinberre, Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 101–104).
( )(Kuhrt, 2007, pp. 166–170).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, 2007, pp. 212–215).
( )(Waters, 2014, p. 78).
( )(Cyrus Cylinder; see Kuhrt, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 79–82).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources, Routledge, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 190–193).
( )(Margaret Root, The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art, Brill, 1979, pp. 113–116).
( )(Amélie Kuhrt, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 207–210).
( )(Briant, 2002, pp. 350–360).
( )(Kuhrt, 2007, pp. 220–224).
( )(Waters, Ancient Persia, Cambridge, 2014, pp. 84–88).
( )(Pierre Briant, 2002, pp. 395–398).
( )(Waters, 2014, pp. 90–93).
( )(Margaret Root, 1979, pp. 125–130).
( )(Kuhrt, The Persian Empire, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 255–259).
( )(Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 2002, pp. 425–430).
( )(Kuhrt, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 264–267).
( )(Brosius, Women in Ancient Persia, 1998, pp. 78–82).
( )(Waters, Ancient Persia, 2014, pp. 104–106).
( )(Brosius, 1998, pp. 84–86).
( )(Margaret Root, The King and Kingship, 1979, pp. 135–140).
( )Kuhrt, 2007, Vol. I, pp. 270–272.؛ Briant, 2002, pp. 440–445.
( )Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns, 2002, pp. 786–790).
( )(Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge, 2001, pp. 104–107).
( )(Root, Margaret. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art. Brill, 1979, pp. 164–169).
( )(Kuhrt, Amélie. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Vol. I. Routledge, 2007, pp. 314–318).
( )(Waters, Matt. Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 114–117).
( )(Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen. "The Image of the King in the Persian Empire". Achaemenid History, Vol. I, 1987, pp. 15–22).
( )(Stolper, Matthew. Texts from the Persepolis Fortification Archive. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2006, pp. 28–32).
( )(Boyce, 2001, pp. 112–116).
( )(Briant, 2002, pp. 982–988).
( )(Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns, 2002, pp. 508–512).
( )(Babylonian Chronicles. In: Kuhrt, Amélie. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Vol. I. Routledge, 2007, pp. 332–337).
( )(Schmitt, Rüdiger. The Bisitun Inscriptions of Darius the Great. Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1991, pp. 12–16).
( )(Brosius, Maria. The Persians: An Introduction. Routledge, 2006, pp. 94–97).
( )(Nylander, Carl. Palace and Politics in the Achaemenid Empire. Svenska Institutet i Athen, 1970, pp. 63–68).
( )(Miller, Margaret. Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 152–158).
( )(Stolper, Matthew. Elamite Administrative Texts and the Persepolis Fortification Archive. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology, 2004, pp. 117–121).
( )(Schmidt, Erich. Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. The University of Chicago Press, 1953, pp. 45–53).
( )(Waters, Matt. Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 125–128).
قائمة المصادر والمراجع :
1. هيرودوت ، تاريخ هيرودوت، ترجمة عبد الاله الملاح، ( ابوظبي : 2001) .
1. Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns, 2002.
2. Kuhrt, Amélie. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Vols. I & II. Routledge, 2007.
3. Brosius, Maria. The Persians: An Introduction. Routledge, 2006.
4. Waters, Matt. Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
5. Dandamaev, M. A. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill, 1989.
6. Schmitt, Rüdiger. The Bisitun Inscriptions of Darius the Great. Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1991.
7. Lincoln, Bruce. Religion, Empire, and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia. University of Chicago Press, 2007.
8. Miller, Margaret. Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
9. Nylander, Carl. Palace and Politics in the Achaemenid Empire. Svenska Institutet i Athen, 1970.
10. Schmidt, Erich. Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. University of Chicago Press, 1953.
11. Stolper, Matthew. Elamite Administrative Texts and the Persepolis Fortification Archive. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology, 2004.
12. Root, Margaret Cool. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art: Essays on the Creation of an Iconography of Empire. Brill, 1979.
13. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen. “The Personality of Xerxes.” In: Achaemenid History, Vol. I, Leiden, 1987.
14. Garrison, Mark B. The Seal Impressions from the Persepolis Fortification Tablets. Chicago, 1991.
15. Boucharlat, Rémy. “Urbanism and Settlement.” In: The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East, I.B. Tauris, 2010.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
