Improvised institutions Under the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century
Keywords:
Ottoman Empire. Military, administrative, financial and educational reform and modernizationAbstract
The Ottoman Empire suffered from calamities at the end of the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century due to the defeats and military rebellions it faced, and the dissolution and disorder in its economic system, which prompted some Ottoman sultans and governors to adopt the idea of reform and modernization in the military institution first, then other aspects of life were reformed in a number of educational, financial and administrative institutions. Despite this trend towards modernization and reform, this faced many obstacles in the way of passing it and understanding the institution and the old mentality that rejected this reform, because it wanted to maintain its interests and privileges. On the other hand, European interventions in Ottoman internal affairs created a state of imbalance in dealing with these interventions in the balance of Ottoman foreign diplomacy.
References
1. ابن كمال ، تواريخ ال عثمان ، الناشر : شرف الدين طوران ، مؤسسة التاريخ التركي ، انقرة ، 1954م .
2. البر اورطايلي ، الخلافة العثمانية التحديث والحداثة في القرن التاسع عشر ، ترجمة : عبدالقادر عبداللي ، ط1 ، شركة قدمس للنشر ، لبنان ، 2007م .
3. البر اورطايلي ، المدارس الامريكية في الامبراطورية العثمانية ، مجلة الادارة العامة ، م 14 ، العدد 3 .
4. ج.اوتشوك .أ.مومجو . تاريخ الحقوق التركية ، جامعة انقرة ، كلية الحقوق ، 1976م.
5. خليل اينالجك ، تاريخ الدولة العثمانية من النشوء الى الانحدار ، تعريب : محمد الارناؤوط ، دار المدار الاسلامي ، بنغازي ، 2002م .
6. دونالد كواترت ، الدولة العثمانية 1700 ــ 1922م ، تعريب : ايمن ارمنازي ، مكتبة عميكان ، الرياض ، 2004م .
7. سيد محمد سيد ، دراسات في التاريخ العثماني ، ط1 ، دار الصحوة للتوزيع ، القاهرة ، 1996 .
8. صابان سهيل ، المعجم الموسوعي بالمصطلحات العثمانية التاريخية ، مطبوعات الملك فهد الوطنية ، الرياض ، 2000م.
9. عثمان نوري ، مجلة الامور البلدية ، المجلد الاول .
10. فخري تشوكر ، التنظيمات والتجديدات في الجيش ، موسوعة تركيا من التنظيمات الى الجمهورية ، ط2 ، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر ، 1997 م ، م 5 .
11. مصطفى السيد ، نقد حالة الفن العسكري والهندسة والعلوم في القسطنطينية 1803م ، تحقيق : خالد زياد ، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر ، 1979م .
12. مصطفى قرة ، التصوف والطرق الدينية والنظم الادارية ، موسوعة تركيا من التنظيمات الى الجمهورية ، م 4 ، اسطنبول ، 1985م .
13. موسى تشادرجي ، دراسة حول تأسيس تشكيلات المخاتير في تركيا ، انقرة ، 1970 .
14. نجاتي آقطاش وعصمت بينارق ، ترجمة : صالح سعداوي ، اسطنبول ، مركز الابحاث للتاريخ والفنون ، 1406هـ
15. يلماز اوزتوتا ، تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ، تعريب : عدنان محمود سلمان ، مراجعة : محمود الانصاري ، مؤسسة فيصل للتمويل ، اسطنبول ، 1988م .
16. History of the ottoman Empire and modem Turkey. Stanford J, shaw .Ezel Kural shaw .
17. History of the ottoman Empire and modem Turkey. Stanford J, shaw .Ezel Kural shaw .
Research sources
1- Ibn Kamal, Histories of the Ottomans, Publisher: Sharaf al-Din Turan, Turkish History Foundation, Ankara, 1954.
2- Alber Ortayli, The Ottoman Caliphate: Modernization and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century, Translated by: Abdul Qader Abdulli, 1st ed., Qadmas Publishing Company, Lebanon, 2007.
3- Alber Ortayli, American Schools in the Ottoman Empire, Public Administration Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3.
4- J. Otchuk, A. Mumcu, History of Turkish Law, Ankara University, Faculty of Law, 1976.
5- Khalil Inalcik, History of the Ottoman State from its Rise to Decline, Translated by: Muhammad al-Arnaout, Dar al-Madar al-Islami, Benghazi, 2002.
6- Donald Quatter, The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922 AD, translated by: Ayman Armanazi, Amikan Library, Riyadh, 2004 AD.
7-Sayyid Muhammad Sayyid, Studies in Ottoman History, 1st ed., Dar Al-Sahwa for Distribution, Cairo, 1996.
8- Saban Suhail, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Historical Ottoman Terms, King Fahd National Publications, Riyadh, 2000 AD.
Othman Nouri, Municipal Affairs Magazine, Volume 1. 9-
10- Fahri Choker, Organizations and Renewals in the Army, Encyclopedia of Turkey from Organizations to the Republic, 2nd ed., Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, 1997 AD, Vol. 5.
11- Mustafa Al-Sayyid, Criticism of the State of Military Art, Engineering and Science in Constantinople 1803 AD, edited by: Khaled Ziyad, Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, 1979 AD.
12- Mustafa Kara, Sufism, Religious Orders and Administrative Systems, Encyclopedia of Turkey from Organizations to the Republic, Vol. 4, Istanbul, 1985.
13- Musa Çadırji, A Study on the Establishment of Mukhtar Formation in Turkey, Ankara, 1970
14 Necati Aktaş and Ismet Pinarık, translated by: Saleh Saadawi, Istanbul, Research Center for History and Arts, 1406 AH
15- Yilmaz Öztüta, History of the Ottoman State, Translated by: Adnan Mahmoud Salman, Reviewed by: Mahmoud Al-Ansari, Faisal Foundation for Finance, Istanbul, 1988.
16- History of the ottoman Empire and modem Turkey. Stanford J, shaw .Ezel Kural shaw .
17- History of the ottoman Empire and modem Turkey. Stanford J, shaw .Ezel Kural shaw .
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
