Industrial Renaissance in the era of Muhammad Ali Pasha

(1848-1805 )

Abstract

Conclusion Based on the Foregoing , and after our review of this research ,we reached a set of conclusions that represented the conclusion of the research and summarized it in the following:-

- the order of industrialization in the era of Muhammad in three stages ,represented the first stage for the years (1819-1818) and reaped the results of the monopoly that he started to maintain industrial production and its character. The craftsman dueto the craftsmen continuing their primitive professions .As for the second stage , which spanned the years (1818-1830) and was called the major industrial stage , in which the textile and reinforcing factories became famous , during which they monopolized the raw materials and constructed steam-based factories as  a source of their energy ,while the third stage , which started in 1830 , was known as the collapse of the Egyptian economy Under the weight of foreign intervention , as the country opened its doors to foreign products and soon the ability of the local industry to cope with that competition .

Muhammad'sdesire to develop industry in Egypt was to supply the army and fleet with their need of weapons , equipment , clothes , ships , etc , and it was Realizes the shortage of the craft system to meet its new needs , so I seek to establish a modern industry that meets its needs , especially since the workforce is available in Egypt as well as the government's ability to finance major industrial projects from its profits in trade operations .As for other obstacles , it has done its utmost . To overcome it , and he was aware that his industrial establishments cost him a lot of different reasons , including those related to the lack of preparations to manage the industry in its modern face , including those related to the impossibility of taking the protections known to the nations working in the industry , because he is bound by the customs duties that were determined according to the international treaties . Held between the Ottoman Empire and the European countries , so he could not impose high shares on foreign imports to protect his products , and his interest in the industry opened the doors of Egypt during his reign and after him to relatively large numbers of European works and technicians.

The mismanagement of the factories , the lack of interest in maintenance work in them , the low level of technical adequacy of a number of workers , the poor condition of workers in them , and the lack of desire of European technicians to educate them to replace them , was the reason for the failure of the industrial renaissance.

 that monopoly turned the nature of the relationship between the state and society upside down .The Ottoman era was the state with little interference in the lives of people , and under the monopoly system , Egyptian society turned into a life similar to the life of the soldier .

 The objective conditions created by the monopoly of industrial were not in favor of the sects that crippled their movement throughout the era of Muhammad Ali on the other hand , the government did not have an incentive to increase production , since the various industries that were established in Egypt are dependent on the army , as needs of the people are limited , so when the number of the army was reduced according to the London Treaty  , all of it decayed .

There is no doubt  that  Muhammad Aliaimed at this by means of the events of a comprehensive industrial coup , completing the economies of the country to give the Egyptian people a new craft in addition to the craft of agriculture , and the industry is one of the important angles on which the national economic construction was built , but after the failure of his development occurred in Egypt for many years , Egypt did not transform from an agricultural society into an industrial one .