Political Competition in France: The 1981 Presidential Elections as a Model
Keywords:
التنافسي السياسي, فرنسا, الانتخابات الرئاسيةAbstract
The French presidential elections of 1981 are considered significant events in France's history, as they resulted in the election of the first socialist president in the Fifth French Republic. This outcome was a result of political competition between individuals with different ideological orientations.
The researcher presented and discussed these historical events in a scholarly manner by addressing some key issues, including:
What are the features of the political and electoral system in France? Who were the prominent competing figures? What were the political and ideological orientations of the candidates? Did the candidates' election programs play a role in the results? Did the personality of François Mitterrand influence the election results?
It can be said that the French elections witnessed unprecedented political competition and polarization. Several factors contributed to this competition and the electoral results, including the electoral system in France, which is based on competition among multiple candidates, with the winner needing an absolute majority. This allowed various political parties and individuals from different backgrounds to participate extensively in the competition, intensifying the rivalry and making it challenging to determine the election outcome in the first round. Consequently, the elections proceeded to a second round, which witnessed alliances and alignments based on political orientations.
It is worth noting that personal factors played a significant role, particularly through François Mitterrand, who had an influential role in securing the elections in his favor. He is considered one of the first generation and a seasoned politician with a political role that extended from the Fourth Republic all the way to the Fifth Republic, the founding of which he witnessed. Furthermore, he had exceptional relationships with most of his competitors. On the other hand, Valéry Giscard, who lost the elections, faced challenges due to his divergence from most political parties and movements.
References
أ- الكتب :
- دستور فرنسا الصادر عام 1958 شاملاً تعديلات لغاية عام 2008 ، Constituteproj.org ، 2022 .
- محمد ابراِهيم خيري الوكيل ، الدستور الفرنسي: ترجمة لنصوص الدستور الفرنسي وفقا لآخر تعديلاتـه الى اللِغة العربية والانجليزية ، مكتبة القانون والاقتصاد ، الرياض ، 2014 .
ب- البحوث والمقالات :
- آمنة محمد علي ، موقع حزب الاتحاد لأجل حركة شعبية ودوره في الحياة السياسية الفرنسية ، مجلة دراسات دولية، جامعة بغداد ، العدد (56) ، 2013 .
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ثانيا : المصادر باللغات الاجنبية:
ا- المصادر باللغة الفرنسية :
أ-1- الكتب :
- Alexis Vrignon , Brice Lalonde : l'écologie et le clivage gauche - droite ( des années 68 à nos jours ) , HAL archive ouverte nationale , 2017.
- Arlette Laguiller , Une travailleuse révolutionnaire dans la campagne présidentielle: Interventions télévisées et textes divers 1974 .
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- Geneviève Moll , François Mitterrand Le roman de sa vie, Éditions Sand , Paris , 1995 .
- Huguette Bouchardeau , Tout le possible , Syros , 1981 .
- Jacques Chirac , Chaque pas doit être un but Tome 1, Nil , 2009.
- Jean Stoetzel , Les versions françaises de 1981 et les chansons , Revue française de sociologie , 14-3-1982 , N0 23 .
- Jean-François Sirinelli , Dictionnaire historique de la vie politique française au XXe siècle , Presses universitaires de France ( PUF ) , 1995.
- Jean-François Sirinelli Et d'autres , Michel Debré, Premier ministre (1959-1962), 2005 .
- Ludivine Bantigny , Arlette Laguiller : femme, communiste, révolutionnaire , Les figures de proue de la gauche depuis 1789 , 2022 .
- Marc Lazar et Stéphane Courtois, du Parti communiste français, Paris, Presses universitaires de France( puf ) , 1995 .
- Michel Debré , un réformateur aux Finances 1966-1968 Journée d'études tenue à Bercy le 8 janvier 2004 COMITÉ POUR L'HISTOIRE ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIÈRE DE LA FRANCE , Institut de la gestion publique et du , Paris , 2005 .
- Michel Winock, Les élections présidentielles en France . 1958-2012, Perrin . Paris , 2016 .
- Sabrina Tricaud , Marie-France Garaud, ‘a will for France’, Paris , 2021.
- Serge Berstein , et 2 de plus, Les années Giscard : La politique économique 1974-1981 (HorsCollection) , Armand Colin , 2009.
- Thomas Hofnung , Georges Marchais : L'inconnu du parti communiste français , L'Archipel , 2001 .
- Thomas Jouteux , Le Parti socialiste dans la campagne de François Mitterrand en 1981 , Fondation Jean-Jaurès , 2005 .
أ-2- البحوث والمقالات الفرنسية :
- Thomas Jouteux , Les Notes de la Fondation Jean-Jaurès Histoire et Mémoire , LeParti socialiste dans la campagne de François Mitterrand en 1981 , Alain Bergounioux , N°47 - avril-mai 2005.
- Abel Mestr , Georges Marchais, l’homme qui avait choisi son camp », sur LCP-AN : un portrait tout en nuances par Gérard Miller , Le Mond , 12 décembre , 2022.
- ANNE CHAUSSEBOURG, Le Conseil constitutionnel publie la liste des dix candidats , Le Mond , 11 avril 1981 .
- Anne R0sencher , Marie-France Garaud candidate en 1981: "Nous nous sommes amusés", LEXPRESS , 2016 .
- Claire Bommelaer , De 1981 à 2002, des élections truffées de rebondissements , Un article paru le 11 janvier 2007 dans Le Figaro , F/Politique.
- ECONOMIE : L'ETAT DE LA FRANCE , Le pont, N ° 974 / 20-26 MAI 1991 .
- Étoiles filantes , Campagnes présidentielles (1981-2017) , Herodote.net , Le Média de L’histoire , 1/4/2022 .
- Florence Descamps , Michel Debré ministre réformateur 1966-1968. Existe-t-il un discours dela Méthode ?, La Revue administrative , Presses Universitaires de france , No 366 , 2008 .
- JEAN MARIE COLOMBANI , M. Michel Crépeau "Les deux grands partis de gauche se trompent de siècle , Le Mond, 14 novembre 1980 .
- Raphaëlle Bacqué , Quand Pierre Joxe raconte le coup de main duRPR à François Mitterrand , Le mond , 10 janvier 2011 .
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ب – المصادر باللغة الانكليزية :
ب-1- الكتب الانكليزية :
- Alistair Cole , FranQois Mitterrand : A study in political leadership, Ponting-Green Publishing Services, Chesham, Buck, London, 1994.
- Eric Duhamel , Francois Mitterrand between Vichy and Resistance , pal grave Macmillan , London , 2016 .
- Florence Haegel , Partis politiques et système partisan en France , Presses de Sciences Po , 2007 .
ب-2- المقالات والبحوث الانكليزية :
- Richard Eder , Giscard and Mitterrand and Meet in A Crucial TV Debate , The New York Times , 6 May 1981 .
ثالثاً : الشبكة العالمية العنكبوتية ( الانترنيت) :
أ-1- المواقع الرسمية للحكومة الفرنسية :
- THE ROLE OF THE PRESIDENT, Elysee: https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/the-role-of-the-president.
- Conseil Constitutionnel , Quel partage des pouvoirs entre le Président et le Premier ministre https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/la-constitution/quel-partage-des-pouvoirs-entre-le-president-et-le-premier-ministre .
- Le Conseil constitutionnel , Déclaration du 29 avril 1981 relative aux résultats du premier tour de scrutin, Décision n° 81-45 du 29 avril 1981 : https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/1981/8145pdr.htm .
ب-2- البحوث والمقالات المنشورة على المواقع الرسمية :
- GEORGES MARCHAIS 1920-1997 , Biographie, par le PCF :https://www.georgesmarchais.fr/biographie/
- , الملفة
- Huguette Bouchardeau Entretien avec Margaret Maruani, Chantal Rogerat , 1999 : https://doi.org/10.3917/tgs.002.0005
- Interview de M. Brice Lalonde, candidat écologiste à l'élection présidentielle de 1981, à TF1 le 9 avril 1981, sur l'élection présidentielle de 1981 et les propositions ecologists : https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/252434-interview-de-m-brice-lalonde-candidat-ecologiste-lelection-presiden
- Jonathan Kandell , Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, 94, Is Dead; Struggled to Transform France , .The New york times , 2 Des 2020 : https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/valery-giscard-destaing-dead.html .
- Le Point , Le récit par Mitterrand de son dîner secret avec Chira, 15 décembre 1995 : https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php
- urvey-Magazine ,Les sondages 6 mois avant les précédentes présidentielles: https://www.soft-concept.com/surveymag/les-sondages-6-mois-avant-les-precedentes-presidentielles.html.
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