The policy of the United States of America towards the Panama Canal 1977-1980 in light of the documents of the US State Department
Keywords:
America, Panama, Channel, treaties, tradeAbstract
The importance of this study is the policy of the United States towards the Panama Canal 1977-1970 that it addressed one of the most important political and economic issues in the period of the Cold War and the twentieth century and one of the issues that united Latin American countries against American greed in the region as well as it highlights the history and location of the Republic of Panama The important geographical and the importance of its navigation channel in the service of international trade that the United States aspires to control. Therefore, the policy of the United States of America towards the Panama Canal witnessed radical transformations between 1977 and 1980, and the Tiran-Dale Treaty was reached between the United States and Panama. One of the most significant shifts in relations between the two countries, which came after decades of American control over the canal, the treaty included two main parts: the first was a recognition that the Panama Canal would remain open to international navigation without discrimination, and the second was the gradual transfer of the canal to Panama with an American security guarantee, allowing the United States to maintain a military presence in the region to protect the canal in the event of any threat against it. The treaty faced strong opposition in the United States, where many considered it a major concession to Panama. Despite this, the treaty was ratified by the US Senate, and by 1980, US-Panamanian relations began to improve, with the mechanisms for the gradual transfer of management and control of the canal being defined.
References
أولا- الوثائق الامريكية المنشورة:
1. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Paper Prepared in the Department of State, No.3, Washington, January 21, 1977.
2. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama Memorandum of Conversation, No.2, Washington, January 21, 1977.
3. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum of Conversation, No.71, Washington, July 29, 1977.
4. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum of Conversation, No.89, Washington, September 7, 1977.
5. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum of Conversation, No.113, Washington, October 14, 1977.
6. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter, No.117, Washington, October 24, 1977.
7. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Letter From President Carter to General Torrijos, No.168, Washington, April 18, 1978.
8. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From Acting Secretary of Christopher to President Carter , No.169, Washington, April 20, 1978.
9. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From Robert Pastor of the National Security Council Staff to the Presidents Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski), No.176, Washington, May 12, 1978.
10. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From the Presidents Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to President Carter, No.183, Washington, july 14, 1978.
11. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (Mclntyre) to President Carter, No. 188, Washington, july 27, 1978.
12. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Telegram From the Embassy in Panama to the Department of State, No. 194, Washington, September 21,1978.
13. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Letter From President Carter To Torrjos, No. 199, Washington, October 4, 1978.
14. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From the Acting Chief of the Latin America Division, Central Intelligence Agency ([ name not declassified ]) to the Department of Defense Representative for Panama Canal Treaty Affairs(Dolvin ),No.210, Washington, March 19, 1979.
15. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From Jake Stewart of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs ( Brzezinski ), No.220, Washington, April 19, 1979.
16. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From Security of State Vance to From President Carter, No.215, Washington, April 4, 1979.
17. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum of Conversation, No. 224, Washington, May 10, 1979.
18. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter, No.249, Washington, November 17, 1979.
19. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Telegram From the Embassy in Panama to the Department of State, No. 258, Washington, February 14, 1980.
20. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Letter From President Carter To President Royo, No.263, Washington, March 3, 1980.
21. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum of Conversation, No.266, Washington, July 1, 1980.
22. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum of Conversation, No.270, Washington, September 28, 1980.
23. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Telegram From Department of State To the Embassy in Panama, No.271, Washington, September 29, 1980.
24. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From the Department of Defense Representative for Panama Canal Treaty Affairs (Dolvin) to Multiple Recipients, No.275, Washington, November 21, 1980.
25. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Telegram from the Panama Canal Zone to the Department of Defense, No.57, Washington, June 30, 1977.
26. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Minutes of a Policy Review Committee Meeting, No.65, Washington, July 22, 1977.
27. F.R.U.S, 1977-1980, Vol. XXIX, Panama, Memorandum From the Under Secretary of Commerce (Hodges) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski), No.248, Washington, November 1, 1979.
ثانياً- الرسائل والاطاريح:
1. عبد الله حميد مرزوك العتابي، السياسة الامريكية تجاه قناة بنما 1846-1918، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية التربية، الجامعة المستنصرية، 2003.
2. محمود رجب عبد المعز الخويسكى، سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه بنما 1964-1978، اطروحة دكتوراه غير منشورة، كلية الاداب، جامعة المنيا، مصر، 2016.
3. ميثاق شيال زوره، الحرب الاسبانية- الامريكية عام 1898، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، جامعة بغداد، 2005.
4. ميلود العطري، السياسة الخارجية الامريكية تجاه امريكا اللاتينية في فترة مابعد الحرب الباردة، رسالة ماجستير منشورة، جامعة الحاج لخضر – باتنة، الجزائر، 2008.
ثالثاً- الكتب :
أ - العربية:
1. مالك جبر، مجلة السياسة الدولية، العدد الثاني، 1965.
2. مكسيم امبروستر, رؤساء الولايات المتحدة الامريكية, ترجمة نخبة من الادباء, بيروت، ١٩٦٤.
3. فرحات زيادة وابراهيم فريجي، تاريخ الشعب الامريكي، اشراف فيليب حتي، بيروت، 1946.
4. محمودي عادل، مصطلحات، شخصيات، تواريخ معّلمية وخرائط، دار البدر للطباعة والنشر، الجزائر، 2010.
ب- الاجنبية:
1. Adolph Caso, The Too Made America Great, Branden Press, 1978.
2. Richard L. Millett, Burton L. Gordon, Gustavo Anguizola, "Panama", Britannica, Retrieved, 2018.
3. Adolph; Marion E. Welsh, They Too Made America Great. Branden Books, 1978.
4. Lafber Walter, The Panama Canal, London, 1973.
5. Thomas M. Leonard And John F. Bratzel, Latin America During World II, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, United States of America , 2007.
6. Michael L. Conniff , Black Labor an a White Canal : West Indians in Panama 1904 – 1980 , Latin American Institute , New Mexico , No.11 , May 1983.
7. Harding, Robert C. Military foundations of Panamanian politics. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A, 2001.
رابعاً- البحوث المنشورة:
1. حسين محسن هاشم القصير، موقف الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من القناة البرزخية في امريكا الوسطى 1826- 1903، مجلة القادسية في الآداب والعلوم التربوية، المجلد 9، العدد 1، العراق، 2010، ص 2018.
2. عبد الله حميد العتابي واخرون، السياسة الامريكية تجاه نيكاراغوا (دراسة تاريخية)، مجلة كلية الاداب، جامعة بغداد، العدد 103، العراق، 2013
3. ابراهيم فنجان الامارة وعبد الله مسلم شطب، العلاقات الامريكية- البنمية 1903-1939، مجلة ابحاث البصرة للعلوم الانسانية، العدد 3، مج 43، 2018.
خامساً- الموسوعات:
أ- العربية:
1. الموسوعة العربية العالمية، ج 2، ط2، مؤسسة اعمال الموسوعة للنشر والتوزيع، الرياض، 1998.
2. عبد الوهاب الكيالي , موسوعة السياسية, ج 2، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر , دار الهدى , بيروت، 1981.
ب- الاجنبية:
1. The Hutchinson ,Encyclopedia of Modern Political Biography ,Helicon, N.P., 2005.
2. Encyclopaedia of American, Vols.23.
سادساً الصحف:
1. صحيفة القدس العربي، القدس، العدد 5413 في 24 تشرين الاول 2006.
2. صحيفة الرياض، السعودية 24 تشرين الثاني 2019.
3. صحيفة ارقام ، الرياض، في 7 تشرين الاول 2017.
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