المشرق الاسلامي، دراسة في خارطته الجغرافية وحدوده السياسية في العصر العباسي

(132 ــــ 656ه/749 ـــ 1258م)

Abstract

: The Islamic East is the Islamic country that was included in the fold of the Arab Islamic state, and was conquered by Arab Muslims during different stages and eras. Its borders, in most political terms, begin in eastern Iraq and extend to the borders of the Syr Darya River in the east, and include Tabaristan and Gorgan in the north. To the south, it includes all the lands of Kerman, Makran, and Sistan, reaching the Arabian Sea. It also includes the lands of Sindh and India, which represent the southeastern part of the lands of the Islamic East, and which are now called the Indian Subcontinent, and which overlook the Indian Ocean. According to the classifications of Arab geographers and country experts, the Islamic East includes many geographical regions, but they vary in terms of their political importance and geographical location. There are regions that we can consider to be major regions due to their political dominance, especially those that have their own political borders drawn that extend beyond their geographical map. The most famous of these regions is the Fars region, which included other geographical regions within its political borders due to its political dominance on the one hand and its historical presence on the other, and the Khorasan region, which is considered one of the most influential regions from a political standpoint, as it included many cities and regions within its political borders. After them come the countries of Sindh and India, which also have a unique geographical character, but the delay in the conquest of these countries made their political borders subject to some of the powers that had a hand in their conquest until the end of the Abbasid era.