النزاع الامريكي – الفرنسي

1798-1800

المؤلفون

  • ا. م. د زيدان حسان حاوي مخيلف الشويلي وزارة التربية- المديرية العامة لتربية بغداد الرصافة الثالثة

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65074/0d6hwq12

الكلمات المفتاحية:

النزاع الأمريكي – الفرنسي ، 1798 ، 1800

الملخص

Received: 2026 / 05 / 03
Revision: 2026 / 05 / 25
Accepted: 2026 / 06 / 21
Published: 2026 / 09 / 30

 

النزاع الامريكي- الفرنسي1798-1800، صراع مصالح حاد بين الولايات المتحدة كدولة فتية حديثة العهد بالاستقلال عن بريطانيا، وبين فرنسا الجديدة التي خاضت تجربة تغيير نظامها السياسي بصعوبة بالغة. اسفر عن اجبار الطرفين على اعادة تقييم شاملة لعلاقاتهم التعاقدية في ضوء ظروف الواقع السياسي والاقتصادي الجديد. على اية حال، تخلل النزاع الذي أمتد سنتين مناوشات عسكرية ومناكفات سياسية اضرت البلدين، لكنها انتجت رؤية برغماتية جديدة قائمة على المصالح بدل الحماس الزائف؛ وبما أسهم في بناء علاقات ثنائية وثيقة مستقبلاً، بصرف النظر عن العلاقات الفرنسية–البريطانية المتأزمة.

المراجع

• Albert Bushnell Hart. (1905). Essentials in American History ( from the Discovery to the Present Day) . New York: American Book company

• Albert J. Beveridge. (1916). The Life of John Marshal,l vol.I and II1755-1801. Boston: Houghton Mifflin company.

• Alexander DeConde. (1971). A History of American Foreign Policy. New York: Scribner publications.

• Beckles Wilson. (1928). America's Ambassadors to France (1777-1927),A narrative of Franco-American Diplomatic Relations. New York: published by J. Murray.

• Benson J. Lossing. (1892). Harper's Popular Cyclopedia of United States , History from the Aboriginal period,vol.1. New York: Harper and Brothers publishers.

• Bernard Christian Steiner. (1907). The Life and Corresondence of James McHenry . Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers company.

• Bradford Perkins. (1967). The First Repprochement ,England and the United States 1795-1805. Los Angeles: University of California press.

• Carl Russell Fish. (1916). American Diplomacy . New York: Henry Holt and company .

• Carlton J. Hayes. (1916). A Political and Social History of Modern Europe ,vol.1. New York: The Macmillan company.

• Charles A. Beard. (1914). American Government and Politics. New York: The Macmillan Company.

• Charles Marion Thomas. (1967). American neutrality in 1793, a Study in cabinet government . New York: Ams press.

• David Saville Muzzey. (1911). An American History . New York: Gim and Company .

• Doron S. Ben-Atar. (1993). The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy . London : Macmillan press Ltd.

• Dorothy Twohig. (1987). The Papers of George Washington: 1 June 31August 1793 . New York : University press of Virginia .

• Edward Channing. (1913). A Students' History of the United States . New York: The Macmillan company.

• Edward Channing. (1920). A History of the United States ,vol.IV Federlaists and Republicans 1789-1815. New York : The Macmillan company .

• Edward Howland. (1877). Annals of North Amewrica ,Being A Concise Account of the Important events in the United States,The British Provines and Mexico,from their Discovery down to the Present time (1492-1877). Hatford: The J.B.Burr publishing company .

• Edward S. Ellis. (1900). The History of Our Country from Discovery of America to the Present time ,vol.3. New York: The R.H. Whitten company .

• Edwin Wiley and Irving E. Rines. (1912). The UNited States ,its Beginning ,Progress,and Modern Development ,vol.IV. New York: American Educational Alliance .

• Edwin Wiley and Irving E. Rines. (1915). Lectures of the Growth and Development of the United States. Washington D.C.: American Educational Alliance.

• Edwin Wiley and Irving E.Rines. (1909). The United States ,vol.III. New York: American Educational Alliance.

• Elroy McKendree Avery. (1910). A History of the United States and its People,from their earliest records to the present time,vol.VII . Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers company .

• Frank Gaylord Cook. (1882). Notes on History, The Constitutional History of the United States. Cambirdge: W.R. Wheeler printing.

• Freeman Snow. (1882). A Guide to the study of the Constiturtional and Political History of the United States 1789-1860. Cambirdge : W.H.Wheeler publisher and printer.

• French Ensor Chadwick. (1909). The Relations of The United States and Spain Diplomacy . New York: Charles Scribner's sons.

• George French. (1911). New England what it is and what it is to be. Boston: Boston Chamber of Commerce.

• George H. Blakeslee and G.Stanley Hall. (1917). The Journal of Race Development,vol.7. Baltimore: The Waverly press.

• George R. Lamplugh. (1986). Politics on the Periphery Factions and Parties in Georgia 1783-1806. London: Associated University press.

• Gordon S. Wood. (2009). A History of the Early Republic 1789-1815. Oxford : Oxford University press.

• Graig A. Munsart. (2025). Military Captives in the United States , A History from the Revolution through the World War II . Jefferson- North Carolina: McFarland and Company ,Inc. publishers.

• Greg H. Williams. (2009). The French Assault on American Shipping 1793-1813, A History and Comrehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses . Jefferson-North Carolina: McFarland and Company ,Inc. publishers.

• H.W.Hodges. (1919). A Survey of Modern History . London: Blackie and Son Limited.

• Hamilton Fish. (1873). Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other Powers since July 4 1776. Washington: Government printing office.

• Henry William Elson. (1904). History of the United States of America . New York: The Macmillan Company.

• Horace E. Scudder. (1897). A History of the United States of America with an Introduction Narrating the Discovery and Settlement of North America. New York: Bulter,Sheldon,and company.

• Horace E. Scudder. (1897). A History of the United States of America with an Introduction Narrating the Discovery and Settlement of Nort h America. New York: Bulter ,Sheldon ,and company.

• Isreal Smith Clare. (1909). Illustrated History of All Nations,vol.XIII. NewYork: The Christian Herald .

• J.W.Buel J. Franklin Jameson. (1901). Encyclopedia Dictionary of American Reference. New York: American History Society.

• James Brown Scott. (1909). The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 and 1907,A Series of Lectures Delivered before the Johns Hopkins University in the year 1908,vol.1 . Baltimore: John Hopkins University press.

• James C. Bradford. (2003). Atlas of American Military History. Oxford: Oxford University press.

• James H. Hopkins. (1900). A History of Political Parties in the United States. New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons.

• Janet Polasky. (2015). Revolutions without Borders ,the call to liberty in the Atlantic World. New Haven: Yale University press.

• Jasper M.Trautsch. (2018). The Genesis of America.U.S. Foreign Policy and the Formation of National Identity 1793-1815 . Cambirdge: Cambirdge University press.

• John Bach McMaster. (1885). A History of the People of the United States,from the Revolution to the Civil War,vol.II. New York: D. Apploton and Company .

• John Bach McMaster. (1907). A Brief History of the United States. California : W.W.Shannon,Supt.State printing .

• John Bassett Moore. (1898). History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a party. Washington: Government printing office.

• John Bassett Moore. (1905). American Diplomacy ,its Spirit and achievements. New York: Harper and Brothers publishers.

• John Clark Ridpath. (1914). The New Complete History of the United States of America,vol.VII. Chicago: The Jones Brothers publishing co.

• John Holladay Latane. (1918). A History of the United States . New York : Allyn and Bacon.

• John P. Foley. (1900). The Jefferson Cyclopedia, A Comprehensive Collection of the views of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Funk and Wagnalls company.

• John Spencer Bassett. (1907). The Federalist System 1789-1801,vol.II. New York: Harper and Brothers publishers.

• Joseph Klaits and Michael H. Haltzel. (2002). The Global Ramifications of the French Revolution. Cambirdge : Woodrow Wilson Center press and Cambirdge University press.

• Judson S. Landon. (1900). The Constiturtional History and Govermen of the United States. Boston: Houghton ,Mifflin and company.

• Karie Diethorn and Dores Fanelli. (2001). History of the Portrait Collection ,Independence National Historical Park . Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society .

• Kirk H. Proter. (1918). A History of Suffrage in the United State . Chicago: The University of Chicago press.

• Laura Charlotte Sheldon. (1900). France and the American Revolution 1763-1778. New York: Andrus and Church Ithaca.

• Lawrence B.Evans. (1908). Writings of George Washington. New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons.

• Lawrence S. Kaplan. (1987). Entangling Alliances with None, American foreign policy in the age of Jefferson. Kent: The Kent state University press.

• Linda Frey and Marsha Frey. (2018). The Culture of French Revolutionary Diplomacy in the face of Europe . Cham: Palgave macmillan .

• Louis Fisher. (2004). Presidential War Power . Lawrence: University press of Kansas.

• Marvin R. Zahniser. (2014). Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Founding Father. Virginia : The University of North Carolina press.

• Melvin I.Urofsky. (2000). American Presidents . New York: Garland publishing Inc.

• Nicholas Guyatt. (2007). Providence and the Invention of the United States 1607-1876. Cambirdge : Cambirdge University press.

• Paul F. Boller. (1996). Presidential Anecdotes. Oxford : Oxford University press.

• Peter Goodwin. (2019). Nelson's Arctic voyage ,The Royal Navy's first expadition. London : Bloomsburg publishing plc.

• Rachel Hope Cleves. (2009). Terror in America,visions of violence from Anti-Jacobinism to Antislavery. Cambirdge: Cambirdge University press.

• Rafael A. Bayley. (1882). The National Loansof the United States from July 4,1776,To June 30 ,1880. Washington: Government Printing office .

• Regina Katharina Crandall. (1902). Genet's Projected attack on Louisiana and the Floridas 1793-94. Michigan: A Bell and Howwell company .

• Robert J. Alderson. (2008). This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions,French Counsul Michel-Ange- Bernard Mangourit and International Republicansim in Charleston 1792-1794. Columbia: THe University of South Carolina press.

• Robert M. Epstein. (1994). Napoleon's Last Victory and the Emergence of Modern War. Lawrence: University press of Kansas.

• Roscoe Lewis Ashley. (1907). American History . New York: The Macmillan Company.

• Rufus Blanchard. (1884). Rise and Fall of Political Parties in the United States. Chicago: The National School Furnishing co.

• Seymour D. Thompson and Leonard A. Jones. (1901). The American Law Review,vol. XXXV. St.Louis: Review publishing co.

• Stephen W. Stathis. (2009). Landmark Debates in Congress from the Declaration of Independence to the war in Iraq. Washington D.C.: CQ press.

• Theodore Parker. (1908). Historic Americans. Boston: American Unitarian Association.

• Thomas Francis Moran. (1904). The History of North America, The Formation and Development of the Constitution. Philadelphia: George Barrie and Sons.

• Torry Maloof. (2018). George Washington and the men who shaped America . New York: Teach Created Materials.

• W.H.F.Henry. (1884). The Voice of the People,or The History of Political Issues in the United States,from the foundation of the republic to the present time . Indianapolis: J.E.Sherrill publisher.

• Waddy Thomson. (1904). A History of the United States . Boston: D.C. Health and Co.,publishers.

• William Armstrong Fairburn. (1945). Merchant Sail,vol.1. Maine: Fairburn Marine Educational Foundation,Inc.

• William Cullen Bryant and Sydney Howard Gay. (1881). A Popular History of the United States from the first discovery of the Western Hemisphere by Northman to the end of the civil war,vol.iv. London: Sampson low,Marston,Searle and Rivington.

• William Edward Hartpole Lecky. (1887). A History of England in the Eighteen Century ,vol. V. New York: D. Appleton and company .

• William John Duane. (1809). The Law of NAtions,Investigated in a Popular manner addressed to the Farmers of the United States. Philadelphia : printed and published by William Duane.

• William M. McKinney and Peter Kemoer. (1905). The Federal Statutes annotated,containing all the laws of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in force on the first day of January 1903,vol. VII. New York : Edward Thompson company .

• William Macdonald. (1916). Documentary Source Book of American History 1606-1913. New York: The Macmillan company.

• William Paterson,Edward Parrott John H.Finley. (1920). Nelson's Perpetual Loose-Leaf Encyclopedid. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons.

التنزيلات

منشور

2026-10-19

إصدار

القسم

التاريخ الحديث

كيفية الاقتباس

الشويلي زيدان. 2026. "النزاع الامريكي – الفرنسي : 1798-1800". مجلة دراسات في التاريخ والآثار 3 (102): 139-62. https://doi.org/10.65074/0d6hwq12.

المؤلفات المشابهة

11-20 من 60

يمكنك أيضاً إبدأ بحثاً متقدماً عن المشابهات لهذا المؤلَّف.