الزخارف الجصية على المحاريب ، نماذج مختارة من بيوت سامراء
Abstract
ملخص البحث
تعد الزخرفة بالجص من اكثر الزخارف شيوعاً في العمارة الإسلامية. وقد اشتهر بها العراق منذ اقدم العصور فبلاد الرافدين غنية بحجر الكلس الذي يتم الحصول على الجص منه وذلك بحرقه وطحنه، وقد استعمل الجص أولاً كمادة أساسية في البناء ثم بعد ذلك كسيت به جدران الغرف والقاعات فصارت عندهم جدران ملساء ناصعة البياض ثم عمد البناؤون والصناع الى إضفاء طابع زخرفي على تلك الجدران، وان الزخرفة الجصية في قصور و بيوت سامراء لم تأتي من فراغ وانما جاءت لما سبق من تراكمٍ ونضوجٍ للخبرات فقد عُرِفَ اولاً الرسم على الجص بالألوان المائية ثم بعد ذلك الزخرفة المحززة ثم تتلوها الزخرفة بالحفر الغائر المميز بشيء من التجسيم ثم استعملت القوالب في الزخرفة الجصية التي ازدهرت في مدينة سامراء العباسية، وتركت لنا بيوت سامراء عدد المحاريب ذات الاستخدام الوظيفي الديني كمحاريب للصلاة ، واستخدم بعضها لأغراض جمالية لتزيين ازار جدران الدور التي لا توحي بوجود اي غرض ديني ، ونوعت اشاكل زخرفتها منها النباتية والهندسية والكتابية
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