دور الطلبة في الإنتفاضة الشعبية السورية عام 1936

1- Ubayd, Salamah. (1978). The Great Syrian Revolt 1925-1927. Beirut: Dar al-Ghad, Beirut. And George Antonius. (1978). The Arab Awakening: A History of the Arab Nationalist Movement. Translated by Nasser al-Din al-Asad and Ihsan Abbas. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin.

2- Khoury, Philip. (1990). Syria and the French Mandate 1920-1945. Beirut: Arab Research Foundation.

3- Al-Hakim, Yusuf. (1983). Syria and the French Mandate. Vol. 4. Beirut: Dar al-Nahar.

4- Al-Atassi, Hashim. He is Muhammad Hashim ibn Khalid ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Sattar al-Atassi, born in Homs in 1873. He studied religious sciences under his father, then completed his primary education in Homs as well. Afterward, he was sent to study at the Sultanic School in Beirut to complete his secondary education. There, he met the thinker Sheikh Muhammad Abduh, who was spending his exile in Beirut. He then returned to Syria to assume administrative positions, including governor of Hama in 1912, governor of Beirut in 1913, and governor of Homs in 1919. He was a prominent member of the Syrian General Congress in 1919 and was elected its president in 1920. He formed his first cabinet under the government of Faisal ibn Hussein in 1920 in Damascus. He contributed to the founding of the Syrian National Bloc in 1928 and headed the Syrian delegation negotiating in Paris for the Franco-Syrian Treaty of 1936. He was elected President of the Syrian Republic for the period 1936-1939. He died in Homs on December 5th. 1960. For details, see Hassan, Osama Rifaat. (2006). Hashim al-Atassi and His Political Role in Syria 1887-1960, Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Rushd), University of Baghdad

5- Regarding the texts of the constitutional articles, see: Al-Hakim, Youssef.

6- Henri Bossu, who obtained a doctorate in law in 1903, participated in World War I and worked in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he held several important positions, including Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1916-1917, and delegate to the Chairman of the Allied Committee in 1920. He attained the rank of Minister Plenipotentiary and was appointed head of the Africa and East branch in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as High Commissioner for Syria and Lebanon from 1926-1932. See: Younes, Nour Alaa. (2015). The National Bloc and Its Role in Lebanon 1935-1949. Master's Thesis (Unpublished), College of Education for Humanities, University of Dhi Qar.

7- Bek, Salma Mardam. (1994). Papers of Jamil Mardam Bek 1939-1945. Beirut: Al-Matbou'at Publishing and Distribution Company.

8- Al-Mu'allem, Walid. (1988). Syria 1916-1946: The Road to Freedom. Damascus: Dar Talas Publishing and Distribution.

9- He is Muhammad Taj al-Din ibn Muhammad Badr al-Din ibn Yusuf al-Husseini. He was born in Damascus in 1885. He studied Arabic language and Islamic jurisprudence under his father, Sheikh Badr al-Din al-Husseini, whose origins trace back to Marrakesh. In 1912, he was appointed as a teacher at the Sultanic School in Damascus. Jamal Pasha, the military governor of Syria during World War I, then chose him as editor-in-chief of the newspaper Al-Sharq to cover news from the Ottoman front. After that, he worked with Prince Faisal ibn al-Hussein in Damascus (1918-1920). He served as Prime Minister of Syria four times between 1928 and 1936, and as President of the Syrian Republic from September 16, 1941, until his death in Damascus on January 17, 1943. See: The Damascus Encyclopedia, Taj al-Din al-Husseini, published at daimapedia.com // https: . 10- Muhammad Ali al-Abid, born in Damascus in 1867 to a wealthy family of Kurdish origin, served as President of the newly formed Syrian Republic from 1932 to 1936. He obtained a law degree from Paris, after which he moved to Rome, where he remained until his death in 1939. See: The Damascus Encyclopedia, Muhammad Ali al-Abid. Published at: daimapedia.com// https:

10- Said, Amin. n.d. The Great Arab Revolt (A Comprehensive and Detailed History of the Arab Cause in a Quarter Century), Cairo.

11- Ibrahim Hananu was born in the town of Kafr Takharim in Aleppo in 1869. He received his early education in his hometown of Aleppo, completed his studies at the Royal School of Law, and participated in the Arab Revolt of 1916. He led the northern revolts against French colonialism. He died on November 21, 1935. See: Al-Budairi, Hatem Mohsen Jabr. (2003). Ibrahim Hananu and His Political Role in Syria until 1935. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Baghdad: Institute of Arab History and Scientific Heritage.

12- The National Library and Archives in Baghdad, which we will refer to as (D.K.W.), File 730/311, Royal Court. Letter from the Iraqi Consulate in Beirut to the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, No. 7953, dated December 5, 1932, and 1.

13- Al-Armanazi, Najib. (1973). Syria from Occupation to Evacuation. Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jadeed.

14- Telegram from High Commissioner Demartel to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dated November 29, 1935, concerning the situation in Syria and the possibility of renewed violence. See Archiff de minster des Affairs Etrangeress, (serie-libnan) 1924-1939 (Bibliothèque nationale de Paris, vol. 571, p. 78), which we will abbreviate as (A.A.E, S-L).

15- Born in southern France on November 27, 1878, he studied law at the École Politique. He held several positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was appointed High Commissioner to Syria and Lebanon in 1933. For details, see: D.K.W., The Royal Court, 731/311, Reports of the Iraqi Commission in Beirut.

16- Al-Kayyali, Abd al-Rahman. (1960). Stages in the French Mandate and in Our National Struggle. Vol. 3. Aleppo: Al-Dhad Press. 18- Saadallah bin Abdul Qader Lutfi al-Jabiri was born in Aleppo in 1893 to a wealthy family. He studied law at the Sultaniyya College in Istanbul and participated in drafting the 1920 Syrian Constitution. He was one of the signatories of the 1936 Syrian-French Treaty and headed three governments during the presidency of Shukri al-Quwatli. He died on June 20, 1947. For details, see: The Damascus Encyclopedia, Saadallah al-Jabiri, published at daimapedia.com// https: Jamil ibn Abd al-Qadir ibn Mardam Bey was born in Damascus in 1894 into an aristocratic family with political leanings. He studied political science in Paris and law and economics in Switzerland. He was a member of the Arab delegation to the 1919 Peace Conference and one of the founders of the Syrian National Bloc. He headed three governments from 1936 to 1948 and died in Cairo in 1960. For further details, see: Al-Ruba'i, Abd al-Salam Mut'ab Aidan. (2002). Jamil Mardam and His Political and Diplomatic Role until 1948, Master's Thesis (unpublished). Baghdad: Institute of Arab History and Scientific Heritage.

17- He was born in Damascus in 1889 and received his primary education there. He then entered the Officers' School and graduated as a second lieutenant. He participated in World War I with the Ottoman army and in the Great Arab Revolt of 1916. He was a member of the Syrian Parliament and died in 1966. See: Faris, George. (1949). Who He Is in Syria. Damascus: Al-Ahliya Press.

18- Al-Ash, Anwar. n.d. On the Road to Freedom. Damascus: Al-I'tidal Press.

19- Al-Tantawi, Ali. (1986). Memoirs. Jeddah: Dar Al-Manara Publishing.

20- Al-Hawrani, Akram. (2000). Memoirs of Akram Al-Hawrani. Cairo: Madbouli Printing and Publishing.

21- He is Nasib bin Attallah Pasha Al-Bakrbi, born in 1886. He graduated from the Sultanic School in Beirut, participated in the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and also participated in the Great Syrian Revolt. He was elected governor of Jabal al-Druze in 1937 and subsequently held various ministerial positions.

22- Regarding the National Bloc's statement, see: Qarqout, Dhiyan. The Development of the National Movement in Syria (1920-1939). Beirut: Dar Al-Tali'a Printing and Publishing.

23- Farzat, Muhammad Harb. (1955). Party Life in Syria between 1908-1955. Damascus: Dar al-Rawad Publications.

24- Al-Rayyes, Munir. (1976). The Golden Book of National Revolutions in the Arab East. Damascus: Alif Baa Press.

25- Rida, Ali. (1979). The Story of the National Struggle in Syria: Military and Politically until Independence 1918-1946. Aleppo: Modern Press.