الأزمـــــــــــــــــة الشرقيــــــــــــــــــــــــة (1875-1878) دراسة تاريخية في العلاقات الدولية
Abstract
مثل عام 1875 نقطة الذروة في حركة التحرر في البوسنة والهرسك ضد السيطرة العثمانية، إذ اندلعت في هذه السنة انتفاضة فلاحية عارمة شملت معظم الولاية، وتسببت بأزمة عالمية استمرت حتى عام 1878 عرفت بالأزمة الشرقية، وفتحت من جديد قضية المسألة الشرقية العويصة، وأملاك الرجل المريض، التي كانت قد هُـدِئَتْ نسبياً بمؤتمر باريس 1856.
في الوقت الذي كانت فيه القوى القومية والتحررية تنخر في كيان الدولة العثمانية من الداخل، أخذ التكتل الذي ضم الدول الغربية في حرب القرم بالتصدع، فكانت النمسا وفرنسا مشغولتين بالدفاع عن أملاكهما نتيجة لأهداف ألمانيا وإيطاليا في استكمال وحدة أراضيهما، الخطر الذي هدد وجود النمسا بأسره. ولم يتبق من كتلة القرم سوى بريطانيا وحدها قادرة على تأمين حماية فعالة للدولة العثمانية، إلا أنها رغم ذلك باتت معزولة آنذاك، كما أن الرأي العام البريطاني لم يعد ميالاً لتكرار مغامرة القرم.
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