Mansour Al-Amiri In light of Arnold Toynbee’s challenge-response theory 371-392 AH / 981-1002 AD. JSHA [Internet]. 2023 Jul. 5 [cited 2024 May 20];(86):187-220. Available from: https://jcoart.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/2075-3047/article/view/615