The lands of western sudan according to the book Al ـ Mughrib fi Dhikr Bilad lfriqiya wal ـ maghrib by Abu Ubayd al ـ Bakri (D487AH / 1094 AD ). (2025). Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, 97, 830-857. https://jcoart.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/2075-3047/article/view/1292